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OF 



THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE 



OR, AN 



INTRODUCTION TO COMPOSITION; 

IN WHICH 

SENTENCES ARE CLASSIFIED INTO VERBAL 
FORMS AND PHRASES. 



BY EDWARD HAZEN, A. M. 

AUTHOR OF "THE SYMBOLICAL SPELLING-BOOK," "THE SPELLER AND DEFINER," 

AND " THE PANORAMA OF PROFESSIONS AND TRADES, 

OR POPULAR TECHNOLOGY." 



./ 



- , 



NEW YORK: 
• HUNTINGTON AND SAVAGE, 174 PEARL STREET. 

1842. 






^ fv 



Entered, according to the Act of Congress, in the year 1842, 

By EDWARD HAZEN, 

m the Clerk's Office of the District Court of Maryland. 






8TEREOTYPED BY REDFIELD & SAVAGE, 
13 Chambers Street, New York. 



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I 






PREFACE 



^ 



It appears to be the prevailing sentiment, that English Gram- 
mar is not capable of further improvement, either in the science 
itself, or in the manner of presenting it. Had the author been 
of this opinion, he would not have tasked his energies and 
patience to prepare another work on this subject. On the con- 
trary, he believed that no branch of learning so much needed 
improvement as that of English Grammar. He is sustained in : 
this belief not only by a careful examination of the subject, but 
by the facts that pupils acquire but little knowledge of this sci- 

kence by a long and laborious study, and that what they do acquire, 
commonly remains an inefficient theory. 
The difficulties which have attended this study, are attributed 
to various causes. Some contend that they are inherent in the 
subject itself, while others insist that they are the result of a 
bad nomenclature and inaccurate definitions. It is evident, how- 
ever, to the author of this work, that they result chiefly from a 
failure to exhibit the construction of the language in a distinct 
and systematic mariner, and from a want of practical exercise on 
the part of learners. It has, therefore, been his principal aim to 
supply this deficiency, and to afford the means for effecting a 
change in the method of instruction. 

To exhibit the construction of the language in a distinct and 
systematic manner, sentences have been classified into verbal 
forms and phrases. The autlior has discovered that there are, 
in the language, but five verbal forms, and five phrases, which, 
in their various combinations, constitute its whole frame- work. 
The verbal forms are first presented, then the phrases in com- 



4 PREFACE. 

bination with them, and, lastly, the phrases and the verbal forms 
are severally connected by the conjunctions. The frame-work 
of the language being thus presented in distinct portions, learn- 
ers can direct their whole attention to a single part at a time. 

Every verbal form and every phrase, as wall as every part of 
speech, has been fully illustrated by examples, which of them- 
selves constitute a complete synopsis of the language, and which 
render the subject so plain, that persons possessed of ordinary 
capacity, can understand the principles, as they occur. 

These examples supply the means by which the whole theory 
of Grammar may be carried into practice ; for, when pupils have 
become familiar with the etymology and syntax of any verbal 
form or phrase, they may use it as a model for the construction 
of others. This exercise will so impress on the mind both the 
rules and the construction, that they can never be effaced from 
the memory. It will also induce intellectual effort, by affording- 
adequate motives for exertion. 

The exercise of constructing verbal forms and phrases after 
models, will likewise be attended with the incidental advantage 
of learning the meaning and application of words. If the design 
of the anther be fully carried out, pupils will acquire a knowledge 
of six or eight thousand words. 

Having thus obtained a definite knowledge of the construction 
of sentences, together with the meaning and application of a suf- 
ficient vocabulary of words, pupils will experience but little diffi- 
culty in expressing their thoughts with propriety and elegance, 
on any subject which they may understand. 

The claims of this Grammar rest chiefly on the peculiarities 
which have just been explained ; nevertheless the author has 
taken unwearied pains to supply correct definitions and appro- 
priate rules, as well as to afford correct formulas of parsing ; and, 
although he may have occasionally failed in accomplishing 
his object, pupils cannot suffer materially from such failure, 
inasmuch as they will be guided to the correct construction by 



~~~i 



PREFACE. 5 



the examples for parsing and imitation. When the classifi- 
cation of sentences, or the model system, is fully appreciated, 
slight deviations from accuracy in other respects will be regard- 
ed as unimportant. 

No essential changes, either in the nomenclature, or in the 
general theory of Grammar, have been made, as both have been 
deemed, in nearly all respects, sufficiently accurate. A few new 
terms, however, have been introduced, which relate chiefly to 
the classification of sentences. 

Especial attention has been bestowed on the conjunction. 
This part of speech has never before been sufficiently explained 
and illustrated ; and writers who have learned to use words of 
this class with accuracy, have been guided almost exclusively by 
usage. The same remarks are also applicable to the gerundive, 
(participial noun.) The gerundive is often imperfectly under- 
stood by teachers of Grammar; but here it has been so fully 
explained, that no student need mistake its character. 

False syntax, which occupies so prominent a position in the 
prevailing system of Grammar, has been entirely discarded, be- 
cause the practice of writing correct examples after models ren- 
ders it unnecessary, and even futile. Teachers will meet with 
more false syntax in the sentences constructed by their pupils 
than would be necessary for any grammar. 

Prosody, being an extensive branch of Grammar, cannot be 
treated with success in the same volume with etymology and 
syntax, without enlarging the book beyond proper bounds. It 
has, therefore, been postponed, to constitute a part of a work, 
which the author may hereafter prepare for publication. 

Some teachers may be deterred from adopting this Grammar 
as a text-book, from a fear of encountering insurmountable 
difficulties; but they are assured, that they will find the sys- 
tem easy and practicable throughout, and that they will discover, 
in the construction of the language, beauties which they had never 
before seen. 



i* 



r 



PREFACE. 



In constructing verbal forms and phrases after models, learn- 
ers may not be able to call to mind a sufficient number of words 
to answer their purposes. To supply this deficiency in their vocab- 
ulary, " The Spellek and Definee." is proposed as a book of refer- 
ence. It is peculiarly adapted to this purpose, because the words 
are there classified according to the parts of speech. 

To foreigners who wish to learn the English Language r this 
Grammar affords peculiar facilities, as it conducts the student 
directly to a knowledge of its construction. It also supplies the 
means of acquiring the meaning of a great number of words in 
common use. Having studied the work according to the direc- 
tions, they will be able to read, by occasional reference to a 
dictionary, any well-written production in the language. 

With these explanations and remarks, the author submits his 
work to the public, confidently anticipating for it a cordial re- 
ception, especially by the instructors of youth, who have long 
experienced the difficulties of communicating a competent knowl- 
edge of this useful, but difficult branch of learning. 

Neiv York, February, 22, 1842. 



CONTENTS. 



PAGE. 

Orthography 10 

Etymology 13 

The Noun, or Substantive 14 

Syntax 18 

The Article 19 

The Noun and the Article . 20 

The Adjective 28 

Numeral Adjectives ....... 34 

The Pronoun 35 

The Personal Pronouns ...... 38 

The Adjective Pronouns ..... .41 

The Verb 46 

The Participle ,49 

Classification of Sentences ...... 51 

The Intransitive Form 54 

The Intransitive Post-adjective Form .... 63 

The Intransitive Post-substantive Form . . 63 

The Transitive Form 74 

The Passive Form ..84 

Irregular Verbs 89 

Impersonal Verbs ........ 95 

The Adverb 97 

The Interjection ........ 105 

Apposition . 106 

The Independent Case 108, 137 



s 



CONTENTS. 



The Preposition . 

The Phrases 

Classification of Phrases 

Prepositive Phrases 

Participial Phrases 

Gerundive Phrases 

Prepositive Gerundive Phrases 

Infinitive Phrases 

Punctuation 

The Conjunction 

Additional Conjunctions 

Alternative Conjunctions 

Correspondive Conjunctions 

Adversative Conjunctions 

Causative Conjunctions 

Inferential Conjunctions 

Adverbial Conjunctions 

Comparative Adverbial Conjunctions 

Conditional Conjunctions 

Pronouns resumed from page 44 

The Personal Pronouns 

The Possessive Personal Pronouns 

The Relative Pronouns 

The Interrogative Pronouns 

The Interrogative Adjective Pronouns 

The Compound Relative Pronouns 

The Adjective Pronouns 

Appendix .... 



PAGE- 

110 

111 
111 
111 

126 

139 

146 

151 

165 

171 

175 

175 

175 

205 

208 

209 

210 

215 

216 

225 

225 

226 

227 

234 

235 

236 

239 

240 



HAZEN'S 

PRACTICAL GRAMMAR 



AND 



INTRODUCTION TO COMPOSITION. 



PART I. 

LANGUAGE. 

Language is composed of sounds and words, the 
import of which has been established by usage. 

Language is either oral or written. It is said to be 
oral when spoken ; and written when expressed by 
letters or artificial signs. 

The various languages are usually designated by the 
name of the people who have used them ; as the Greek 
language, the French language, or the English language. 

G R A MM A.R. 

Grammar is the science of language, and the art of 
speaking and writing with accuracy. 

It is denominated Universal Grammar, when the 
principles explained are applicable to all languages ; and 
Particular Grammar, when they are applicable to a 
particular language. 



10- hazen's practical grammar. 



DIVISIONS OF GRAMMAR. 

Grammar is divided into four parts ; namely, 
Orthography, Syntax, 

Etymology, Prosody. 



O RTH O GRAPH Y. 

Orthography relates to the nature and power of let- 
ters, and to their combination in words. 

LETTERS. 

Letters are characters used in writing and printing, to 
represent articulate sounds. 

In the English alphabet there are twenty-six letters, 
some of which have several different sounds. 

The alphabet is divided into vowels and consonants. 

A vowel is a letter, the name of which constitutes a 
full, open sound. 

The vowels are a, e, i, o, u ; and w and y, when they 
do not begin a syllable. 

A consonant is a letter which cannot be distinctly 
uttered without combining with it the sound of a vowel. 

W and y are consonants when they begin a syllable. 

Consonants are divided into mutes and semi-vowels. 

The mutes are b, d, k, p, q, t, and c and g hard. 

The semi-vowels are/", j, I, m, n, r, s, v, x, z, and c 
and g soft. 

X, m, 7i, r, are also denominated liquids. 



HAZEN'S PRACTICAL GRAMMAR. 



11 



THE ALPHABET MAY ALSO BE CLASSED AS IN 
THE FOLLOWING TABLE. 



A a > 




E e 




I* i 


> VOWELS 


O o 




Ufu, 






> LABIALS. 



HISSING LABIALS. 



NASALS. 



D 


<T 




G 


g 


> DENTALS. 


J 


jL 




L 


n 






t PALATALS. 



T t 



C c^ 
H h 
S s 
X x 
Z z 



> HISSING DENTALS. 



K k) 

Q q 
R r 



GUTTURALS. 




VOWELS OR 
CONSONANTS. 



* / is a consonant, when it has the sound of y before anoth- 
er vowel ; as in union, mim'on. 

t V is both a vowel and a consonant, when it has the 
sound of yu, as in wseful. 



> » 



12 HAZEN'S PRACTICAL GRAMMAR. 



SYLLABLES. 

A syllable is a distinct sound uttered by a single im- 
pulse of the voice ; as ba, be, bat. 

A diphthong is a union of two vowels in one syl- 
lable ; as ou in mowse. 

A triphthong is a union of three vowels in one sylla- 
ble ; as ieu in adzew. 

WORDS. 

A word is a sound, or combination of sounds, which 
is used in the expression of thought. 

A monosyllable is a word of one syllable. 

A dissyllable is a word of two syllables. 

A trissyllable is a word of three syllables. 

A polysyllable is a word of four or more syllables. 

DIVISION OF WORDS INTO SYLLABLES. 

Words have as many syllables as distinct sounds: and 
they should generally be divided as the sounds are 
heard in pronunciation. 

In writing or printing, a syllable should never be 
divided at the end of a line ; nor should a vowel be- 
ginning a word ever end a line. 



Note. — The limited treatise on Orthography here given is deemed 
sufficient, since this branch of Grammar is commonly learned from 
spelling books, and by practice in writing words, without much regard 
to special rules for spelling. 



HAZEN'S PRACTICAL GRAMMAR. 13 



ETYMOLOGY. 

Etymology relates to the classification, the modifica- 
tions, and the derivation of words. 

Words, in regard to form, are either primitive or 
derivative, simple or compound. 

A primitive word is one that cannot be reduced or 
traced to a more simple word in the language ; as, man, 
good, cure. 

A derivative word is one that has been formed from a 
primitive word by adding one syllable or more; as, 
man-ly, good-ness, cu-rable. 

A simple word is one that is not combined with any 
other word ; as, man, good, ewe. 

A compound word is one that has been formed by a 
union of two or more entire words ; as, peace-maker. 

CLASSIFICATION OF WORDS. 

The words in the English language may be divided 
into ten classes, called parts of speech ; namely, 

Noun. Participle. 

Article. Adverb. 

Adjective. Preposition. 

Pronoun. Interjection. 

Verb. Conjunction. 



Note. — The classification of the parts of speech here adopted, is the 
one generally proposed. Perhaps a more philosophical one might have 
been chosen ; but to induce the teachers to consent to any considerable 
change in this particular, might require more argument than it would 
be worth, either to the author or to the public. 



14 HAZEN'S PRACTICAL GRAMMAR. 



THE NOUN, OR SUBSTANTIVE. 

A noun is the name of any thing that can be sepa- 
rately considered. 

Examples. 

Animal Virtue Motion 

Hero Patience Solitude 

Vessel Goodness Admittance 

Philip Gravity Concealment 

Nouns are divided into common, proper, and col- 
lective. 

COMMON NOUN. 
A common noun is a name applicable to a class of 



things. 










Examples. 




Man 


Field 


Paper 


Purity 


Child 


Town 


Carpet 


Magnitude 


Fowl 


River 


Music 


Removal 


Horse 


Mountain 


Farmer 


Investment 



PROPER NOUN. 

A proper noun is a particular name of a thing, ap- 
plied to distinguish it from others of the same class. 

Examples. 

Charles Hannah More Europe 

Mary Robert Fulton Ohio 

July John Marshall Hudson 

Sunday Peter Little Andes 



HAZEN'S PRACTICAL GRAMMAR. 



15 



COLLECTIVE NOUN. 
A collective noun is the name of a collection of ob- 
jects taken as a whole. 

Examples. 

School 



Mob 

Clan 

Crew 

Flock 

Gang 



Army 
Party 
Family 
Faction 



Library 

Company 

Multitude 

Legislature 

Committee 



VARIATIONS IN NOUNS. 

Nouns are varied in form or application by gender, 
number, person, and case. 

GENDER. 

Gender is a distinction in nouns with regard to sex. 

There are three genders ; the masculine, the feminine, 
and the neuter. 

The masculine gender denotes the male sex. 

The feminine gender denotes the female sex. 

The neuter gender denotes that the object is not dis- 
tinguished by sex. 



Masculine. 

Man 
King 
Lord 
Stag 
Actor 



xainples. 




Feminine. 


Neuter. 


Woman 


Book 


Queen 


Lamp 


Lady 


House 


Hind 


Motion 


Actress 


Lesson 






16 



HAZEN'S PRACTICAL GRAMMAR. 



METHODS OF EXPRESSING THE GENDER OF NOUNS. 

There are three methods of expressing the gender 
of nouns. 

1. By a change in the entire word. 







Examples. 




Masculine. 


Feminine. 




Masculine. 


Feminine. 


Lad 


Lass 




Bull 


Cow 


Boy 


Girl 




Bullock 


Heifer 


Son 


Daughter 


Horse 


Mare 


Beau 


Belle 




Cock 


Hen 


King 


Queen 




Drake 


Duck 


Lord 


Lady 




Gander 


Goose 


Earl 


Countess 


Husband 


Wife 


Buck 


Doe 




Father 


Mother 


Uncle 


Aunt 




Brother 


Sister 


Nephew 


Niece 




Master 


Mistress 


Monk 


Nun 




Sloven 


Slut 


Hart 


Roe 




Wizard 


Witch 


Stag 1 


Hind 




Bachelor 


Maid 



2. By prefixing another word. 
Examples. 

Masculine. 

A he-goat 

A he-bear 

A cock- sparrow 

A man-servant 

A male-child 

Male relations 

Male descendants 



Feminine. 

A she-goat 
A she-bear 
A hen- sparrow 
A maid-servant 
A female-child 
Female relations 
Female descendants 



HAZEN'S PRACTICAL GRAMMAR. 



17 



3. By a difference of termination 



Masculine. 

Heir 

Host 

Count 

Jew 

Peer 

Prince 

Shepherd 

Baron 

Deacon 

Lion 

Patron 

Actor 

Author 

Tutor 

Traitor 

Conductor 

Emperor 

Elector 

Governor 

Protector 



Exa 

Feminine. 

Heiress 

Hostess 

Countess 

Jewess 

Peeress 

Princess 

Shepherdess 

Baroness 

Deaconess 

Lioness 

Patroness 

Actress 

Authoress 

Tutoress 

Traitoress 

Conductress 

Emperess 

Eleclress 

Governess 

Protectress 



mples, 

Masculine. 

Poet 
Prophet 
Tiger 
Hunter 
Songster 
Seamster 
Arbiter 
Enchanter 
Tailor 
Director 
Votary- 
Viscount 
Hero 

Landgrave 
Widower 
Sultan 
Czar 

Bridegroom 
Testator 
Executor 



Ambassador Ambassadress Administrator 



Feminine. 

Poetess 

Prophetess 

Tigress 

Huntress 

Songstress 

Seamstress 

Arbitress 

Enchantress 

Tailoress 

Directress 

Votaress 

Viscountess 

Heroine 

Landgravine 

Widow 

Sultana 

Czarina 

Bride 

Textatrix 

Executrix 

Administratrix 



Many words are applicable to objects which are either male 
or female; such as parent, child, teacher, friend, cousin, &c. The 
sex of the individuals to which such words refer can often be 
determined by the context ; but when this cannot be done, the 
epithets masculine or feminine, or masculine alone, may be 
used in grammatic solution. When two persons of different 
sexes are expressed by one word, the terms masculine and 
feminine should be used. The words common and doubtful as 
applied to gender are exceptionable. 



18 



HAZEN'S PRACTICAL GRAMMAR. 



NUMBER. 

Number is the individual or collective estimate of 
objects. 

There are two numbers; the singular and the plural. 
The singular number denotes but one object. 
The plural number denotes more than one object. 

Examples. 

Singular. Plural. Singular. Plural. 

Man Men Lash Lashes 

Foot Feet Brush Brushes 

Hat Hats Knife Knives 

Book Books Child Children 

Person and case will be explained where the pupil will be 
more likely to understand their nature. 



SYNTAX. 



Syntax relates to the agreement and government of 
words, and to their appropriate arrangement in sen- 
tences. 

This part of grammar consists chiefly of rules dedu- 
ced from the customary forms of speech. 

A rule, in its general application, is a definite direction. 

An exception to a rule is a deviation from it in some 
particular case or cases. 



HAZEN'S PRACTICAL GRAMMAR. 



19 



ETYMOLOGY AND SYNTAX. 



THE ARTICLE. 

The article is a word placed before the noun to mod- 
ify its application. 

There are two articles, namely, a and the. 

A is called the indefinite article. It is used to bring 
the noun from its widest application to denote a single 
object of a class or kind. A becomes an before a 
vowel sound. 

The is called the definite article. It is used to bring 
the noun from its widest application to distinguish one 
object or more from all others of the same class. 





Examples. 




Singular 


Singular. 


Plural. 


A wolf 


The king 


The kings 


A beaver 


The camel 


The camels 


An hour 


The farmer 


The farmers 


An author 


The pyramid 


The pyramids 


A unit 


The example 


The examples 


A eulogy 


The christian 


The christians 



RULES OF SYNTAX. 

The article a or an belongs to nouns in the singular 
number. 

The article the belongs to nouns in the singular or 
plural number. 



20 HA ZEN'S PRACTICAL GRAMMAR. 



THE NOUN AND THE AETICLE. 

METHODS OF FORMING THE PLURAL OF NOUNS. 

The regular method of forming the plural of nouns, 
is by adding s, or es to the singular. 

When the singular ends in x, s } ss, sh, or ch soft, 
the plural is formed by adding es. 





Examples for Parsing and Imitation. 


Singular. 


Plural. Singular. 


Plural. 


A tax 


The taxes A brush 


The brushes 


A box 


The boxes A branch 


The branches 


A gas 


The gases A batch 


The batches 


A kiss 


The kisses A cratch 


The crutches 


A lash 


The lashes A dish 


The dishes 



EXAMPLES OF PARSING. 
A Tax — The Taxes. 

A is the indefinite article and belongs to tax. 

Rule. The article a or an belongs to nouns in the 
singular number. 

Tax is a common noun, neuter gender, and singular 
number. 

The is the definite article and belongs to taxes. 

Rule. The article the belongs to nouns in the singu- 
lar or plural number. 

Taxes is a common noun, neuter gender, and plural 

number. 

Note. — Parsing is an exercise in which sentences and phrases are ana- 
lyzed. Imitation, as applied in this work, is the construction of sen- 
tences, or parts of sentences, in conformity with the examples adduced 

us models. 



HAZEiN'S PRACTICAL GRAMMAR. 



21 



Words ending in other consonants form their plural 
by adding s to the singular. 



Examples for Parsing and Imitation. 



Singular. 

The slab 
The sled 
The stag 
The chin 
The scrap 



Plural 

The slabs 
The sleds 
The stags 
The chins 
The scraps 



Singular. 

The critic 
The sandal 
The chicken 
The winter 
The goblet 



Plural. 

The critics 
The sandals 
The chickens 
The winters 
The goblets 



Nouns ending in y, preceded by a vowel in the same 
syllable, form the plural by adding s to the singular. 



Examples for Parsing and Imitation. 



Singular. 

The clay 
The dray 
The key 
The valley 



Plural. 

The clays 
The drays 
The keys 
The valleys 



Singular. 

The volley 
The monkey 
The chimney 
The attorney 



Plural: 

The volleys 
The monkeys 
The chimneys 
The attorneys 



SUGGESTIONS TO THE TEACHER. 

The practice of defining the part of speech, and of 
every other property of each word while parsing, is 
tedious as well as unnecessary. A few questions and 
explanations in relation to the definitions, during the 
exercise, or before it, w T ill be found sufficient. 

After the pupil has parsed the examples, the teacher 
is requested to require him to write others exactly like 
them in grammatical construction. The examples 
should be first written on a slate, and then copied on 
paper to be preserved as specimens of original con- 



22 



HAZEN'S PRACTICAL GRAMMAR. 



Nouns ending in y, not preceded by a vowel in the 
same syllable, form their plural by changing the y 
to its. 





Examples for Parsing and Imitation, 


Singular. 


Plural. 


Singular. 


Plural. 


A fly 


The flies 


A piracy 


The piracies 


A cry 


The cries 


A lady 


The ladies 


A berry 


The berries 


A prodigy 


The prodigies 


A city 


The cities 


A destiny 


The destinies 


A proxy 


The proxies 


A liberty 


The liberties 



Nouns ending in o pronounced like oo as in too, or in 
o preceded by a vowel, form their plural by adding s to 



the singular. 




Examples 


for Parsing. 


Singular. 


Plural. 


A bamboo 


The bamboos 


A tattoo 


The tattoos 


A nuncio 


The nuncios 


Scipio 


The Scipios 



struction. This exercise should be continued through- 
out the work, wherever examples for parsing and imi- 
tation may be found. 

The pupil having been thus carried through a course of 
phraseology, will very readily learn to combine sen- 
tences on any subject which he may understand. Com- 
position will, by this means, be changed from a difficult 
and irksome task, to a comparatively easy and pleasant 
exercise. 

The author would also remark, that the pupil should 



HAZEN'S PRACTICAL GRAMMAR. 



23 



Nouns ending in o, neither pronounced like oo in too, 
nor preceded by a vowel, form their plural by adding es 
to the singular* 

Examples for Parsing and Imitation. 



Singular. 


Plural. 


Singular. 


Plural. 


A hero 


The heroes 


A veto 


The vetoes 


A tyro 


The tyroes 


A motto 


The mottoes 


A negro 


The negroes 


A portico 


The porticoes 


An echo 


The echoes 


A manifesto 


The manifesto 



Nouns ending with a, e, u, or w 3 form their plural 
by adding s to the singular. 

Examples for Parsing and Imitation. 



Singular. 


Plural. 


Singular. 


Plural. 


An era 


The eras 


A formula 


The formulas 


A zebra 


The zebras 


A diploma 


The diplomas 


A spade 


The spades 


A medicine 


The medicines 


A hive 


The hives 


A signature 


The signatures 


A pie 


The pies 


A swallow 


The swallows 


A hue 


The hues 


A gnu 


The gnus 


A saddle 


The saddles 


A landau 


The landaus 



learn the meaning of all the words in the various ex- 
amples. To do this, he should always have a diction- 
ary at hand to which he may refer while preparing his 
lessons ; and the teacher should render their meaning 
still more distinct by explanations and illustrations. 

To determine the part of speech, regard should be 
had to the etymological definitions only, as a reference 
to the dictionary for this purpose should never be 
encouraged by the teacher. 



24 



HAZEN'S PRACTICAL GRAMMAR. 



Some nouns ending with the sound of f 9 change f 
into v in the plural. 



Singular. 

The elf 
The shelf 
The wolf 
The leaf 
The loaf 
The sheaf 
The beef 



Examples 

Plural, 

The elves 
The shelves 
The wolves 
The leaves 
The loaves 
The sheaves 
The beeves 



for Parsing. 

Singular. 

The knife 
The life 
The wife 
The thief 
The wharf 
The half 
The calf 



Plural. 

The knives 
The lives 
The wives 
The thieves 
The wharves 
The halves 
The calves 



Staff, a walking-stick, makes staves in the plural ; but when 
staff is applied as a military term, it has the regular plural ; as 
staff, staffs, flagstaff, flagstaff's. 

Exceptions to the preceding rules for the formation 
of the plural. 



Singular. 

The man 
The woman 
The child 
The brother 
The ox 
The foot 



Examples 

Plural. 

The men 
The women 
The children 
The brethren 
The oxen 
The feet 



for Parsing. 

Singular. 

The tooth 
The goose 
The louse 
The mouse 
The die 
The penny 



Plural. 

The teeth 
The geese 
The lice 
The mice 
The dice 
The pence 



Pennies denote real coin ; pence, their value in computation. 
The plural of die, a cube used in games, is dice; but die, a 
stamp, has dies in the plural. Brother, a member of the same 
family, in common discourse has the regular plural ; but broth- 
er in the Scriptures and in church phraseology, has brethren. 
The plural of pea is peas and pease ; the former denotes the 
seeds as distinct objects ; the latter, the seeds in a mass. 



* — 

HAZEN'S PRACTICAL GRAMMAR. 25 




DEFECTIVE NOUNS 


m 


Defective 


nouns are of i 


several classes 




1. Those 


which are used only in the 


singular form 


and sense. 










Examples. 




Gold 


Cotton 


Honesty 


Odium 


Love 


Silver 


Violence 


Heroism 


Pride 


Pity 


Innocence 


Canvass 


Pitch 


Hatred 


Temperance 


Eucharist 


Wheat 


Contempt 


Affluence 


Goodness 


Sloth 


Disdain 


Confinement 


Blackness 


Sugar 


Humility 


Unconcern 


Laziness 


The names 


of things which 


are weighed or 


measured, belong 


to this class ; 


but they admit 


of a plural, when several kinds of 


the same sort are referred to ; 


as, wheats, leas 


, sugars^ cottons, 


j coffees, SfC. 








2. Those 

i 


which are used 


in the plural 


:orm and sense. 




Examples. 




Ides 


Hatches 


Pleiads 


Nippers 


Lees 


Riches 


Calends 


Vespers 


Lungs 


Ashes 


Filings 


Betters 


Goods 


Breeches 


Tidings 


Fetters 


Dregs 


Bowels 


Matins 


Bitters 


Tongs 


Entrails 


Customs 


Scissors 


Shears 


Vitals 


Drawers 


Mallows 


Clothes 


Victuals 


Embers 


Orgies 


Thanks 


Shambles 


Pincers 


Archives 


Downs 


Annals 


Snuffers 


Compasses 



26 



HAZEN'S PRACTICAL GRAMMAR. 



3. Those which have the plural form, and yet are 
to be used in the singular sense. 





Exampl 


es. 




News 


Optics 




Mechanics 


Billiards 


Physics 




Mathematics 


Ethics 


Politics 




Pneumatics 


Conies 


Hysterics 




Metaphysics 



4. Those which have the singular form, and yet 
may be used in the singular or plural sense. 





Exampl 


es. 




Deer 


Fish 




Salmon 


Sheep 


Trout 




Cannon 


Kine 


Shad 




Cattle 


Swine 


Herring 




Hiatus 


Hose 


Haddock 




Apparatus 



5. Those which have the plural form, and yet may 
be used either in the singular or plural sense. 



Alms 

Means 

Odds 



Examples. 

Amends Species 

Wages Gallows 

Series Bellows 



When a title is prefixed to a proper noun to designate a class 
of persons of the same name, the name is varied to form the 
plural; as, The Miss Hamlins, The two Mr. Smiths. But when 
the persons are referred to individually, the title is varied and 
sometimes also the name or names to express the plural ; as, 
Misses Ann and Julia Clifton, Messrs. Cushing and Sons. 



HAZEN'S PRACTICAL GRAMMAR. 27 


When th< 


2 principal word in a compound noun is 


placed first, 


it is varied to 


express the 


plural. 




Examples. 




Singular. 


Plural. 




Father-in- 


law 


Fathers-in 


■law 


Court-martial 


Courts-martial 


Commander-in-chief 


Command* 


;rs-in-chief 


Words adopted into cur language, 


sometimes retain 


their original plural, as in 


the followir 


.g list. 


Singular. 


Plural. 


Singular. 


Plural, 


Datum 


Data 


Axis 


Axes 


Stratum 


Strata 


Basis 


Bases 


Erratum 


Errata 


Crisis 


Crises 


Arcanum 


Arcana 


Diseresis 


Diaereses 


Effluvium 


Effluvia 


Ellipsis 


Ellipses 


Desideratum 


Desiderata 


Emphasis 


Emphases 


Aniraalculum Animalcula 


Hypothesis 


Hypotheses 


Automaton 


Automata 


Antithesis 


Antitheses 


Phenomenon 


Phenomena 


Metamorph 


osis Metamorphoses 


Criterion 


Criteria 


Apex 


Apices 


Genus 


Genera 


Calx 


Calces 


Stamen 


Stamina 


Index 


Indices 


Focus 


Foci 


Vertex 


Vertices 


Magus 


Magi 


Vortex 


Vortices 


Stimulus 


Stimuli 


Virtuoso 


Virtuosi 


Genius 


Genii 


Ignis fatuus 


Ignes fatui 


Cherub 


( Cherubs 
[ Cherubim 


Encomium 


( Encomia 
| Encomiums 


Seraph 


( Seraphs 
( Seraphim 


Memorandum i Memoranda 

{ Memorandums 


Appendix 


( Appendices 
( Appendixes 







23 



HA.ZEN S PRACTICAL GRAMMAR. 



THE ADJECTIVE. 

An adjective is a word added to a noun to express 
some quality, circumstance, or kind. 



A good man 
A timid animal 
A lonely place 
An indigent woman 
A long sermon 
A wooden vessel 



Examples, 

The lateut cause 
The brazen vessel 
The circular theatre 
The French fashion 
The conceited fop 
The prominent politician 

RULE OF SYNTAX. 
Adjectives belong to nouns. 

THE ARTICLE, THE ADJECTIVE, AND THE NOUN. 

Examples for Parsing and Imitation. 

A hungry wolf A connubial tie 

A ravenous appetite A nuptial day 

A luxurious liver A hymeneal altar 



EXAMPLES OF PARSING. 
A hungry wolf. 
A is the indefinite article, and belongs to wolf. 
Kule. The article a or an belongs to nouns in the 
singular number. 

Hungry is an adjective, and belongs to wolf. 
Kule. Adjectives belong to nouns. 
Wolf is a common noun, masculine gender, and sin- 
gular number. 



i =r 

HAZEN'S PRACTICAL GRAMMAR. 29 


An abstemious student 


A conjugal relation 


An insatiable thirst 


An uxorious husband 


A voracious desire 


A matrimonial engagement 


The fond parent 


The ardent friend 


The tender mother 


The filial conduct 


The affectionate father 


The fraternal act 


The maternal regard 


The amicable agreement 


The parental care 


The friendly neighbor 


The fatherly love 


The mutual friend 


A local attachment 


A hostile army 


A travelling agent 


A militant nation 


A domestic life 


A spiteful serpent 


A permanent abode 


A petulant landlady 


An erratic tribe 


A vindictive temper 


An errant knight 


A pugnacious captain 


A ferocious beast 


A sly fox 


A clamorous mob 


A crafty jockey 


A ruthless tyrant 


A cunning lawyer 


A destructive animal 


An insidious foe 


A murderous robber 


A deceptive enemy . 


A malicious critic 


A designing politician 


The thievish propensity 


The handy workman 


The courteous dealer 


The dexterous mechanic 


The avaricious landlord 


The ingenious machinist 


The selfish merchant 


The operative mason 


The stingy farmer 


The mechanical skill 


The sordid miser 


The constructive beaver 


Note. — After the pupil has learned the nature of comparison, it would 


be well for him to parse the preceding examples again, with a view to 


comparing the adjectives. 


,. 



3* 



30 



HAZEN'S PRACTICAL GRAMMAR. 



COMPARISON OF ADJECTIVES. 

Comparison is the variation of an adjective to express 
a quality or circumstance in different degrees. 

There are three degrees of comparison ; namely, the 
positive, the comparative, and the superlative. 

The positive degree is the simple state of the 
adjective. 

The comparative denotes a greater or less degree. 

The superlative denotes the greatest or least degree. 

Adjectives of one syllable are usually compared by 
adding to the positive r or er to form the comparative, 
and st or est to form the superlative. 

Examples, 

Positive*. Comparative. Superlative. 

Tall Taller Tallest 

Light Lighter Lightest 

Large Larger Largest 

Small Smaller Smallest 

Hoarse Hoarser Hoarsest 

Adjectives of two syllables or more are usually com- 
pared by prefixing to the positive, more or less to form 
the comparative, and most or least to form the super- 
lative. 

Examples. 

Positive. Comparative. 

Stupid More stupid 

Civil More civil 

Slender More slender 

Clever More clever 



Superlative. 

Most stupid 
Most civil 
Most slender 
Most clever 



HAZEN'S PRACTICAL ( 


GRAMMAR. 31 


Stupid 


Less stupid 


Least stupid 


Civil 


Less civil 


Least civil 


Slender 


Less slender 


Least slender 


Clever 


Less clever 


Least clever 


Elegant 


More elegant 


Most elegant 


Eloquent 


More eloquent 


Most eloquent 


Laudable 


More laudable 


Most laudable 


Ponderous 


More ponderous 


Most ponderous 


Elegant 


Less elegant 


Least elegant 


Eloquent 


Less eloquent 



Least eloquent 


Laudable 


Less laudable 


Least laudable 


Ponderous 


Less ponderous 


Least ponderous 


Many adjectives of two syllables ending in y or e 


mute, may be 


compared by r, er, 


st, est, and by more 


and most, and less and least. 






Examples. 




Positive. 


Comparative. 


Superlative. 


Handy 


Handier 


Handiest 


Jolly 


Jollier 


Jolliest 


Lofty 


Loftier 


Loftiest 


Heavy 


Heavier 


Heaviest 


Handy 


More handy 


Most handy 


Jolly 


More jolly 


Most jolly 


Lofty 


More lofty 


Most lofty 


Heavy 


More heavy 


Most heavy 


Handy 


Less handy 


Least handy 


Jolly 


Less jolly 


Least jolly 

_. 



32 



HAZEN'S PRACTICAL GRAMMAR. 



Lofty- 
Heavy 

Able 
N imble 
Ample 
Simple 

Able 
Nimble 
Ample 
Simple 

Able 
Nimble 
Ample 
Simple 



Positive. 

Good, well 

Bad, evil, or ill 

Little 

Equal 

Equal 

Near has nearest and next, and late has latest and last, in the 
superlative. 

Those adjectives expressing qualities which cannot be 
increased or diminished, cannot be compared. 

Examples of Incomparable Adjectives. 

Brazen Present Infinite 

Golden Absent Eternal 



Less lofty 


Least lofty- 


Less heavy 


Least heavy 


Abler 


Ablest 


Nimbler 


Nimblest 


Ampler 


Amplest 


Simpler 


Simplest 


More able 


Most able 


More nimble 


Most nimble 


More ample 


Most ample 


More simple 


Most simple 


Less able 


Least able 


Less nimble 


Least nimble 


Less ample 


Least ample 


Less simple 


Least simple 


MJLAR ADJECTIVES. 


Comparative. 


Superlative. 


Better 


Best 


Worse 


Worst 


Less 


Least 


Superior 


Supreme or chief 


Inferior 


Least 



HAZEN'S PRACTICAL GRAMMAR. 



33 



Wooden All-wise 

Circular Ceaseless 

Conical Endless 

Perpendicular Boundless 



Omniscient 
Omnipotent 
Omnipresent 
Pecuniary 



A few adjectives will admit ish to express diminution 
in the quality. This is called the diminutive form of 



the adjective. 










E 


xamples. 




diminutive. 


Positive. 


Comparative. 


Superlative. 


Whitish 


White 


Whiter 


Whitest 


Bluish 


Blue 


Bluer 


Bluest 


Sweetish 


Sweet 


Sweeter 


Sweetest 


Saltish 


Salt 


Salter 


Salt est 



Under this part of speech are also included certain 
words which merely modify or define the application of 
nouns. These words are called numeral adjectives. 



Note. — Objects which, admit of admeasurement or numeration, and 
quantities which can be weighed or measured, may be definitely com- 
pared ; but, as objects of this description are not numerous, the precise 
amount of a quality or attribute can seldom be determined ; and, since 
language corresponds with the weakness of our conceptions, it furnishes 
us with few definite, means of comparison. In expressing degrees of 
qualities and attributes, however, we are not exclusively confined to the 
means described in the regular comparison of adjectives. There are 
other words of similar import which are frequently used for this purpose. 



EXAMPLES. 



A very good man 
A much wiser man 
A far greater distance 
A great deal whiter paper 



An infinitely wise Being 
A truly eloquent speaker 
An exceedingly happy couple 
An incomparably splendid object 



The words in italics are adverbs, see page 



34 HAZEN'S PRACTICAL GRAMMAR. 



NUMERAL ADJECTIVES. 
Numeral adjectives are of three kinds ; namely, the 
cardinal, the ordinal, and the multiplicative. 
The cardinal are, one, two, three, four, &c. 
The ordinal are, first, second, third, fourth, &c. 
The multiplicative are, single or alone, double or two- 
fold, triple or threefold, quadruple or fourfold, &c. 
RULE OF SYNTAX. 
Numeral adjectives agree with their nouns in number. 

Examples for Parsing and Imitation. 

Five ladies, 5 ladies The 25th instant 
Ten horses, 10 horses The 7th ultimo 

The first man Januarv 5, 1841 

The seventh year The single instance 

The VI. Chapter The triple alliance 

The 10th verse The threefold cord 



EXAMPLES OF PARSING. 

Five Ladies — The 2bth Instant — The single Instance. 

Five is a numeral adjective of the cardinal kind, plural 
number, and agrees with ladies. 

Rule. Numeral adjectives agree with their nouns in 
number. 

%bth is a numeral adjective of the ordinal kind, singu- 
lar number, and agrees with instant. 

Rule. Numeral adjectives agree with their nouns in 
number. 

Single is an adjective of the multiplicative kind, sin- 
gular number, and agrees with instance. 

Rule. Numeral adjectives agree with their nouns, &c. 



HAZEN'S PRACTICAL GRAMMAR. 35 

THE PRONOUN. 

A pronoun is a word used instead of a noun. 

There are seven kinds of pronouns ; namely, the person- 
al, the possessive personal, the adjective, the relative, the 
interrogative, the interrogative adjective, and the com- 
pound relative. 

RULE OF SYNTAX. 
Pronouns must agree with their antecedents or the nouns 
for which they stand, in gender, number, and person. 

VARIATIONS OF THE NOUN AND THE PRONOUN. 

Nouns and some of the pronouns are varied by gender, 
number, person, and case. 

PERSON. 

Person is the relation which nouns and pronouns sus- 
tain to sentences. 

Nouns are of the second or third person. 

Pronouns are of the first, second, or third person. 

The first person denotes the author of the sentence. 
The second person denotes the person addressed. The 
third person denotes the person or thing spoken of. 

CASE. 

Case is the relation which nouns and pronouns sustain 
to other words in a sentence. 

There are four cases ; namely, the nominative, the 
possessive, the objective, and the independent. 

The nominative, case denotes the agency which intro- 
duces the verb into the sentence. 



36 



HAZEN'S PRACTICAL GRAMMAR. 



The possessive case denotes possession or ownership. 

The objective case denotes the passive relation of the 
noun or pronoun in which it is governed by a verb or 
preposition. 

The independent case denotes that the noun or pro- 
noun is free from any constructive dependance on any 
other word. 

DECLENSION. 

Declension is a regular arrangement of nouns and 
pronouns by cases and numbers. 

Examples of Declension, 



Singular. 

JVom. Man 
Poss. Man's 
Obj. Man 
Ind. Man 

Singular. 

JVom,. Pen 

Poss. Pen's 

Obj. Pen 

Ind. Pen 

Singular. 

JN'owi. Senator 

Poss. Senator's 

Obj. Senator 

Ind. Senator 



Plural. 

JVom. Men 

Poss. Men's 

Obj. Men 

Ind. Men 

Plural. 

JVom,. Pens 
Poss. Pens' 
Obj. Pens 
Ind. Pens 

Plural 

JVom. Senators 

Poss. Senators' 

Obj. Senators 

Ind. Senators 



Note. — The independent case has been introduced to avoid inaccuracy 
and confus-ion in the definition and application of the nominative case. 



HAZEN'S PRACTICAL GRAMMAR. 



37 



The possessive case of nouns is formed — 

1. By adding an apostrophe ( ' ) and s, when the 
noun does not terminate in s. 

Examples for Parsing and Imitation. 

Susan's doll Peter's vision 

Alfred's top Paul's defence 

Edward's form Isaiah's prophecies 

Frederick's store Stephen's martyrdom 

2. By adding an apostrophe only, when the noun ter- 
minates in s. 

Examples for Parsing and Imitation. 

Boys' hats Mechanics' institute 



Girls' bonnets 
Eagles' wings 
Objectors' reasons 



Merchants' exchange 
Goodness' sake 
Righteousness' sake 



There are few exceptions to the preceding rules, and these are 
found chiefly in words ending in nee, when the following word 
begins with s ; as, conscience' sake, appearance' sake. 

RULE OF SYNTAX. 

One noun governs another noun or pronoun that de- 
pends upon it in the possessive case. 



EXAMPLES OF PARSING. 
Susan's doll. 
Susan's is a proper noun, feminine gender, singular 
number, third person, possessive case, and is governed 
by doll. 

Rule. One noun governs another noun or pronoun 
that depends upon it in the possessive case. 



38 



HAZEN'S PRACTICAL GRAMMAR. 



THE PERSONAL PRONOUNS. 

The personal pronouns are simple substitutes. There 
are five of them ; namely, I, thou, he, she, and it. 

Declension of the Personal Pronouns, 



Mas.orFem. 
Gender. 



Singular. Plural. 

f Nom. Thou Nom. Ye or you *} 

Second I Poss. Thy Poss. Your I Mas.orFem. 

Person ] Qf ) j t Thee Obj. You f Gender. 

^ Ind. Thou Ind. Ye or you J 



Singular. 

(Nom. I 


Plural. 

Nom. We 


First 1 Poss. My 

>erson ) Q b j t ]\/[ e 
[ Ind. I 


Poss. Our 
Obj. Us 
Ind. We 



Third 
Person 



Singular. 

(Nom. He 
1 Poss. His 



| Obj. 
{Ind. 



Him 
He 



Third ) 
Person ] 



Singular. 

Nom. She 
! Poss. Her 
Obj. Her 
Ind. She 



Third 
Person 



Singular. 

( Nom. It 

! POSS. Its 



I 06;. 
[Ind. 



It 
It 



PZuraZ. 

Nom. They 
Poss. Their 
0/>j. Them 
Ind. They 

PZwra?. 

JVo?«. They 
Poss. Their 
Obj. Them 
JW. They 

Plural. 

Nom. They 

Poss. Their 

Obj. Them 

Ttzc?. They 



} Mas. Gender, 
i 

J 



Fern. Gender. 



) 

I 

^ Neu. Gender. 
i 

J 



HAZEN'S PRACTICAL GRAMMAR. 



39 



THE POSSESSIVE CASE OF PERSONAL PRONOUNS. 

Examples for Parsing and Imitation. 



My hat 


Our house 


My gun 


Our friends 


My top 


Our cattle 


My ship 


Our carriage 


Thy home 


Your office 


Thy cottage 


Your company 


Thy dwelling 


Your society 


Thy residence 


Your association 


His duty 


Their sickness 


His interest 


Their diseases 


His concern 


Their misfortunes 


His litigation 


Their disasters 


Her beauty 


Its population 


Her conduct 


Its productions 


Her deportment 


Its commerce 


Her acquirements 


Its magnitude 



COMPOUND PERSONAL PRONOUN. 

The compound personal pronouns are formed by add- 
ing self or selves, to my, our, thy, your, him, her, it, 
and them. 



EXAMPLES OF PARSING. 
My hat. 
My is a personal pronoun, first person, singular num- 
ber, possessive case, and is governed by hat. 

Rule. One noun governs another noun or pronoun 
that depends upon it in the possessive case. 



40 HAZEN'S PRACTICAL GRAMMAR. 

Declension of the Compound Personal Pronouns. 

Singular. Plural. 

(Nom. Myself Nom. Ourselves "] 

First \ Poss. ■ Poss. '.Mas. or Fern. 

Person j Q bj. Myself Obj. Ourselves j Gender - 

( Ind. Myself Ind. Ourselves J 

Singular. Plural. 

( No m. Thyself Nom. Yourselves *) 

Second / P° ss - Poss. ! Mas. or Fern. 

Person ] Obj. Thyself Obj. Yourselves j Gender. 

( Ind. Thyself Ind. Yourselves J 

Singular. Plural. 

(Nom. Himself Nom. Themselves ) 

Third I POSS. POSS. I ^ Qender 

Person \ obj. Himself Obj. Themselves j 

( Ind. Himself Ind. Themselves J 

Singular. Plural. 

( Nom. Herself Nom. Themselves "| 

mv:_ J POSS. POSS. | 

£ h d ^ «, i TT ,* ~r. mi i ^ Fern. Gender. 

Person ] Obj. Herself Obj. Themselves \ 

I Ind. Herself Ind. Themselves j 

Singular. Plural. 

( Nom. Itself Nom. Themselves "j 

Third POSS. POSS. j 

I > Neu Gender 

Person ] Obj. Itself Obj. Themselves 

I Ind. Itself Ind. Themselves J 

The pronouns on this page are also denominated reciprocal 
pronouns. Pupils need not learn to decline them, until they 
have advanced to that part of the grammar, where their appli- 
cation is illustrated. 



HAZEN'S PRACTICAL GRAMMAR. 



41 



ADJECTIVE PRONOUNS. 

Adjective pronouns are definitive words placed before 
nouns, to modify their application. 

They are divided into three classes ; namely, the dis- 
tributive, the definite, and the indefinite. 

RULE OF SYNTAX. 
Adjective pronouns belong to nouns. 

DISTRIBUTIVE ADJECTIVE PRONOUNS. 

The distributive adjective pronouns limit the noun to 
separate objects. They are, each, every, either, and 
neither. 

Examples for Parsing and Imitation. 

Each visitor Either way 

Each person Either book 

Each animal Either dilemma 

Every pupil Neither competitor 

Every example Neither conclusion 

Every object Neither candidate 

DEFINITIVE ADJECTIVE PRONOUNS. 

The definitive adjective pronouns point out the noun 
in a definite manner. They are, this, that, with their 
plurals, these and those ; former, latter, same, said, afore- 
said, aforementioned, which, and what. 



EXAMPLES OF PARSING. 
Each visitor. 
Each is a distributive adjective pronoun, and belongs 
to visitor. 

Rule. Adjective pronouns belong to nouns. 



42 



HAZEN'S PRACTICAL GRAMMAR. 



Examples for Parsing and Imitation, 



This lion 
These lions 
That servant 
Those servants 
The same tiger 



The former letter 

The latter end 

The said John Doe 

The aforesaid James Carter 

The aforementioned Peter Wilson 



INDEFINITE ADJECTIVE PRONOUNS. 

The indefinite adjective pronouns point out the noun 
in an indefinite manner. The principal words of this 
class are, one, no, some, other, another, all, such, any, 
■many, much, several, few, whole, little, whatever, what- 
soever, whichever, and whichsoever. 



One evening 
No person 
Some news 
Other matters 
Another speculation 
All nations 



Examples for Parsing and Imitation. 

Such nonsense 
Any officers 
Many voters 
Few lemons 
Whole numbers 
Little reason 



COMPARISON OF ADJECTIVE PRONOUNS. 

Some, little, several, few, much, and many are com- 
pared ; thus, 



Positive. 


Comparative. 


Superlative. 


Some 






Little 






Several 


More 


Most 


Much 


Less 


Least 


Many 






Few 






Few has also 


Fewer 


Fewest 



HAZEN'S PRACTICAL GRAMMAR. 



43 



DECLENSION OF ADJECTIVE PRONOUNS. 

One and other are sometimes declined by cases- 

Singular. 



Nom. One 
Poss. One's 
Obj. One 
Ind. One 

Singular. 

Nom. Other 
Poss. Other's 
Obj. Other 
Ind. Other 



Plural. 

Nom. Ones 
Poss. Ones' 
Obj, Ones 
Ind. Ones 

Plural. 

Nom. Others 
Poss. Others' 
Obj. Others 
Ind. Others 



Another is declined like other, as it is the same word, with 
the article an prefixed. It is used only in the singular number. 

THE POSSESSIVE PERSONAL PRONOUNS. 
Mine His Ours Theirs 

Thine Hers Yours 

These words represent not only the possessor, but also 
the thing or things possessed. They are used only in the 
nominative and objective cases. 

THE RELATIVE PRONOUNS. 
Who Which That 

A relative pronoun is a word that represents a prece- 
ding word, and introduces a verbal form without the aid 
of a conjunction. 

DECLENSION OF THE RELATIVE PRONOUNS. 
Singular and Plural. Singular and Plural. Singular and Plural. 

Nom. Who Nom. Which Nom. That 

Poss. Whose Poss. Whose Poss. 

Obj. Whom Obj. Which Obj. That 



=il 



44 HAZEN'S PRACTICAL GRAMMAR. 

THE INTERROGATIVE PRONOUNS. 

Who Which What 

These words are denominated interrogative pronouns, 
when they are used for interrogation without a following 
noun to which they may belong. 

THE INTERROGATIVE ADJECI fE PRONOUNS. 

Which What 

These words are denominated interrogative adjective 
pronouns, when they are used for interrogation before 
nouns to which they belong. 

THE COMPOUND RELATIVE PRONOUNS. 

What Whoever 

Whatever Whosoever 

Whatsoever Whoso 

These words are thus denominated, when they include 
in themselves the force of an antecedent and a relative. 
They sustain the relations of the words which they rep- 
resent. 

The words ever and soever are frequently added to who, which, 
and what ; and the words thus formed are classed according to 
their application, What, whatever, and ivhatsoever, when com- 
pound relative pronouns, are used either in the nominative or 
objective case. Who, when combined with ever or soever, is 
declined by cases, as in the preceding page. Ever and soever 
are the same in every case. Whoso is a contraction of whosoever. 

Note. — Examples illustrating the application of the several kinds of pro- 
nouns have not been given, because pupils cannot understand this difficult 
part of grammar at this stage of advancement. The illustrations will be 
introduced hereafter. 



HAZEiN'S PRACTICAL GRAMMAR. 



45 



A SENTENCE. 

A sentence is two or more words which express an 
affirmation, an interrogation, a command, an exhortation, 
apetition, or an intimation. 

Examples of Sentences. 



AFFIRMATION. 

I reflect. 

I am studious. 

He is the man. 

John wrote a letter. 

The lad was punished. 



INTERROGATION. 

Do you reflect 1 

Art thou studious 1 

Is he the man ! 

Did John write a letter 1 

Was the lad punished 1 



COMMAND, 

Reflect thou. 
Be studious. 
Be a good man. 
Write a letter. 
Be thou punished. 



EXHORTATION, AND PETITION. 

Be of good cheer. 
Hear our cry. 
Forgive our sins. 
We beseech thee. 
May we find thy favor. 



INTIMATION. 

When he has agreed to the measure, I will advise you. 
Should he pay promptly, I will trust him again. 
If he will go immediately, he may arrive in time. 
Though he slay me, yet will I trust in him. 
Watch the door of thy lips, lest thou utter folly. 

The noun or its substitute is the foundation of sen- 
tences. But no assemblage of words can constitute a 
sentence without a verb, introduced by the direct influ- 
ence of a nominative case. 



46 



HAZEN'S PRACTICAL GRAMMAR. 



=H 



THE VE RB. 

A verb is a word which commonly expresses action 
or being. 

The verb is usually introduced into sentences by the 
direct agency of a noun or pronoun in the nominative 
case ; and it may be distinguished from other classes of 
words by this peculiarity. 

Examples for Imitation. 



I am. 
James is. 
Animals live. 
The lady sleeps. 
The servants wait. 

Farmers raise grain. 
Millers grind corn. 
Bakers bake bread. 
Brewers brew beer. 
Butchers sell meat. 



The cradle rocks. 
The horses run. 
The ladies chat. 
The tree falls. 
The people vote. 

Tanners tan hides. 
Tailors make clothes. 
Barbers cut hair. 
Merchants sell goods. 
Authors write books. 



CLASSIFICATION OF VERBS. 

Verbs are divided into transitive, intransitive, and 
passive. 



Note. — The old terms, active and neuter, have been rejected in the 
classification of the verb, because they do not well express the distinc- 
tions proposed. But they can be easily retained, should the teacher 
prefer them. It is presumed, however, that the change will be gener- 
ally approved, as it has long been sanctioned by the best writers 
on the subject of English Grammar. 



HAZEN'S PRACTICAL GRAMMAR. 



47 



THE TRANSITIVE VERB. 

The transitive verb expresses an action which termi- 
nates on an object. 

Examples for Imitation. 

Fishermen catch fish. Lawyers plead law. 

Shipwrights build vessels. Physicians cure diseases. 

Mariners traverse oceans. Dentists repair teeth. 

Clergymen exhort sinners. Teachers instruct pupils. 

THE INTRANSITIVE VERB. 

The intransitive verb expresses being or action which 
does not terminate on an object. 

Examples for Imitation. 



He is. 

The horses stand. 
The girls blush. 
The faces burn. 
The interests clash. 



The snail crawls. 
The oxen walk. 
The lamb skips. 
The child cries. 
The serpents hiss. 



THE PASSIVE VERB. 
The passive verb expresses action received by the 
nominative noun or pronoun which introduces it into 
the sentence. 

Examples for Imitation. 

Grain is raised. Hides are tanned. 

Corn is ground. Clothes are made. 

Bread is baked. Hair is cut. 

Beer is brewed. Goods are sold. 

Meat is sold. Books are written. 



48 HAZEN'S PRACTICAL GRAMMAR. 



VARIATIONS OF VERBS. 

Verbs are varied by mode and tense, number and 
person. 

MODE. 

Mode is the manner of expressing action or being. 
There are five modes ; namely, the indicative, the sub- 
junctive, the potential, the imperative, and the infinitive. 

A verb in the indicative mode, simply indicates or 
declares a thing. 

A verb in the subjunctive mode, by the aid of a con- 
junction, expresses action or being in a doubtful or con- 
ditional manner. 

A verb in the potential mode expresses action or 
being under a possibility, permission, necessity, ability, 
determination, or obligation ; or it asks a question in the 
same form. 

A verb in the imperative mode, expresses authority, 
exhortation, or entreaty. 

A verb in the infinitive mode expresses action or being 
unlimited by person or number. 

TENSE. 

Tense is the time in which the verb expresses action 
or being. 

There are six tenses ; namely, the present, the indefi- 
nite past, the present perfect, the prior perfect, the 
indefinite future, and the prior future. 



Note. — Pupils need not commit to memory the definitions of the 
several modes and tenses, until they again meet them in the conjuga- 
tion of the verb to go. 



HAZEN'S PRACTICAL GRAMMAR. 



49 



The present tense denotes present action or being. 

The indefinite past tense denotes action or being as 
indefinitely past. 

The present perfect tense denotes action or being as 
past at some period of time including the present. 

The prior perfect tense denotes action or being as 
past at or before some other time specified. 

The indefinite future tense denotes action or existence 
as indefinitely future. 

The prior future tense denotes action or being which 
will take place at or before some other future time. 



THE PARTICIPLE. 

A participle is a word that partakes of the nature of 
a verb and an adjective. 

Participles are derived from verbs. Each complete 
verb supplies three participles ; namely, the present, the 
perfect, and the prior perfect. 



Note. — The names of five of the tenses have been varied to express 
their meaning with greater precision ; but, to prevent all inconveniences 
which might arise from these changes, the old terms are placed on the 
right of the new in the regular conjugation of the verb. Should the 
teacher prefer the old terms, he can use them in grammatic solution 
without inconvenience. 

The names of the tenses here presented have been before proposed 
by authors of considerable note, and it is believed that many more will 
adopt them as soon as it can be done with safety to their works. 



50 HAZEN'S PRACTICAL GRAMMAR. 



CONJUGATION OF VERBS. 

The conjugation of a verb is a regular arrangement 
of its several parts in its modes, tenses, and participles. 

In every complete verb, there are three principal 
parts; namely, the present tense, the indefinite past 
tense, and the perfect participle. 

REGULAR AND IRREGULAR VERBS. 

A verb is regular, when it forms the indefinite past 
tense and the perfect participle by adding d or ed to the 
present tense. 

A verb is irregular, when it does not form the indefi- 
nite past tense and the perfect participle by adding d 
or ed to the present tense. 

AUXILIARY VERBS. 

An auxiliary verb is a word used in the conjugation 
of other verbs. 

LIST OF AUXILIARY VERBS. 

May Might 

Can Could 

Shall Should 

Will Would 

Must Do 

Be Have 

JDo, be, and have are also principal verbs, being complete in 
all the tenses and participles. Explanations of the meaning and 
application of the auxiliary verbs are unnecessary, as both can 
be learned from the examples proposed for parsing and imitation. 



HAZEN'S PRACTICAL GRAMMAR. 



51 



CLASSIFICATION OF SENTENCES. 

In the English language there are five distinct verbal 
forms of construction, to which phrases are prefixed and 
appended ; namely, the intransitive, the intransitive post- 
adjective, the intransitive post-substantive, the transitive, 
and the passive. 

THE INTRANSITIVE FORM. 

The essential elements of the intransitive form are a 
nominative case, and an intransitive verb, introduced by 
it into the sentence. 

Examples of tho Intransitive form. 

I am. Doctors differ. 

The horses pranced. 

The wolf howled. 

The passengers embarked. 



It was. 

He went. 

She absconded. 



THE INTRANSITIVE POST-ADJECTIVE FORM. 

The essential elements of the intransitive post-adjec- 
tive form are a nominative case, and an intransitive 
verb, commonly the verb to be, introduced by it into the 
sentence, together with an adjective, belonging to that 
nominative case. 

Examples of the Intransitive post-adjective form. 

I am cautious. The boys are obedient. 

She was fashionable. The servants were honest. 

He has been indignant. Our .farmers have been rich. 
The lady will be humane. Kings will be despotic. 



52 hazen's practical grammar. 



THE INTRANSITIVE POST-SUBSTANTIVE FORM. 

The essential elements of the intransitive post-sub- 
stantive form, are a nominative case, and an intransitive 
verb, commonly the verb to be, introduced by it into the 
sentence, together with another nominative case having 
reference to the same thing. 

Examples of the Intransitive post-substantive form. 

I am he. We are gardeners. 

He was the person. You were teachers. 

The man has been a miller. They have been butchers. 
This girl will be a beauty. His brothers will be tailors. 

THE TRANSITIVE FORM. 

The essential elements of the transitive form are a 
nominative case, and a transitive verb introduced by it 
into the sentence, together with an objective case gov- 
erned by the verb. 

Examples of the Transitive form. 

I read history. Charles struck William. 

He studies grammar. Architects plan buildings. 

Farmers plough the soil. The sheep yields wool. 

Hunters kill wild animals. The orchard affords fruit. 

THE PASSIVE FORM. 

The essential elements of the passive form are a nom- 
inative case, and a passive verb introduced by it into the 
sentence. 



r 



HAZEN'S PRACTICAL GRAMMAR. 53 



Examples of the Passive form. 

I was accosted. The note may be paid. 

He was accused. The bill should be allowed. 

She was applauded. Children must be taught. 

I shall be delighted. Sinners will be confounded. 

NUMBER AND PERSON OF THE VERB. 

The number and person of the verb are modifications in 
which it agrees with its nominative case. The verb,in 
every tense of the indicative, subjunctive, and potential 
modes ? has two numbers and three persons. In the im- 
perative, it has two numbers and one person. In the 
infinitive, it is not distinguished by either number or 
person. 

The English verb, unlike that of many other languages, is 
but little varied to express either number or person. No am- 
biguity, however, arises from this deficiency, as both are easily 
determined by the nominative case, when the form of the 
verb fails to furnish the indications. 

RULES OF SYNTAX. 

The agent which introduces the verb into the sen- 
tence must be in the nominative case. 

The verb must agree with its nominative case in 
number and person. 

Transitive verbs govern the objective case. 

Any verb may have the same case after it as before 
it, when both w r ords refer to the same thing. 



5* 



54 HAZEL'S PRACTICAL GRAMMAR. 



THE INTRANSITIVE FORM. 
The essential elements of the intransitive form are a 
nominative case, and an intransitive verb introduced by 
it into the sentence. 

THE INTRANSITIVE VERB. 

The intransitive verb expresses action or being which 
does not terminate on an object. 

CONJUGATION OF THE VERB TO GO. 

Present Tense. Indefinite Past Tense. Perfect Participle. 

Go Went Gone 

INDICATIVE MODE. 

A verb in the indicative mode simply indicates or de- 
clares a thing ; or it asks a question in the same form. 

PRESENT TENSE. 

The present tense denotes present action or being. 

Singular. Plural. 

1 Person. I go 1 Person. We go 

2 Person. Thou goest 2 Person. You go 

3 Person. He goes 3 Person. They go 



Note. — Ye, being seldom used, is commonly omitted in the conjuga- 
tion of the verb. But pupils can be made to understand its use just as 
well as if it were introduced into every tense. Ye is employed chiefly 
in the solemn and burlesque styles. General usage sanctions the appli- 
cation of the pronoun you to a single individual, but, in all cases, the 
verb to which it is nominative case^ust have the plural form. Thou is 
but little used for ordinary inter-communication ; but, as it is always used 
in the Sacred Scriptures, and generally in the solemn style, it has been 
retained in the conjugation of the verb throughout. 



HAZEN'S PRACTICAL GRAMMAR. 55 



Examples for Parsing and Imitation. 

I err. We fail. 

Thou comest. You grow. 

The seal dives. The birds flit. 



EXAMPLES OF PARSING. 
/ err. 

I is a personal pronoun, singular number, first per- 
son, and nominative case to err. 

Rule. The agent which introduces the verb into the 
sentence, must be in the nominative case. 

Err is a* ^regular, intransitive verb, indicative 
mode, present tense, singular number, first person, and 
agrees with /. 

Rule. The verb must agree with its nominative case 
in number and person. 



Note. — The tenses which are formed by the principal verb alone, are 
called simple tenses, and those which are formed by the help of one 
auxiliary or more, are called compound tenses. 

Note. — Before proceeding to analyze the sentences for parsing and 
imitation according to the above formula, the teacher is requested to see 
that the pupils understand the meaning of each word, and the class to 
which it belongs. They should also be required to decline the nouns 
and pronouns, and conjugate the verbs in their principal parts, to deter- 
mine whether they are regular or irregular. At this stage of advance- 
ment, pupils should begin to learn to conjugate the irregular verbs, a 
complete list of which is given a few pages in advance of this. A whole 
class might be made to repeat them together. In this way, they may be 
all committed to memory in a few hours. A great number of regular 
verbs should also be conjugated in the same manner. 

Note. — The pronoun being a mere substitute for the noun, the adjec- 
f've belongs to it by the same rule. The word pronoun, however, may 
be introduced into the rule, when it would be applicable. 



56 HAZEN'S PRACTICAL GRAMMAR. 

In earnest and positive expressions, do often precedes 
the principal verb in the present tense, and did, in the 
indefinite past tense, both in the indicative and subjunctive 
modes. Do is also used in the same manner in the im- 
perative. 

(Do is the auxiliary of this tense.) 
Singular. Plural. 

1. I do go 1. We do go 

2. Thou dost go 2. You do go 

3. He does go 3. They do go 

Examples for Parsing and Imitation. 

I do live. We do swim. 

Thou dost rove. You do wade. 

She does roam. The eagles do soar. 

INTERROGATIVE FORM. 

Do I live ? Do we swim ? 

Dost thou rove ? Do you wade ? 

Does she roam ? Do the eagles soar ? 

INDEFINITE PAST TENSE. (IMPERFECT.) 

The indefinite past tense denotes action or being as 
indefinitely past. 

Singular. Plural. 

1. I went 1. We went 

2. Thou wentest 2, You went 

3. He went 3. They went 

Examples for Parsing and Imitation. 

I kneeled. We strolled. 

Thou agreedst. You strove. 

The door creaked. The horses pranced. 



HAZEN'S PRACTICAL GRAMMAR. 57 



(Did is the auxiliary of this tense.) 

Singular. Plural. 

1. I did go 1. We did go 

2. Thou didst go 2. You did go 

3. He did go 3. They did go 

Examples for Parsing and Imitation, 

I did abscond. We did desist. 

Thou didst flinch. You did disagree. 

My friend did arrive. They did embark, 

INTERROGATIVE POSITION. 

Did I abscond ? Did we desist ? 

Didst thou flinch ? Did you disagree ? 

Did my friend arrive ? Did they embark ? 

PRESENT PERFECT TENSE. (PERFECT.) 

The present perfect tense denotes action or being, as 
past at some period of time including the present. 

(Have is the auxiliary of this tense.) 
Singular. Plural. 

1. I have gone 1. We have gone 

2. Thou hast gone 2. You have gone 

3. He has gone 3. They have gone 

Examples for Parsing and Imitation. 

I have faded. We have abounded. 

Thou hast succeeded. You have appeared. 

Thy heart has throbbed. Our enemies have decamped. 

INTERROGATIVE POSITION. 

Have I faded ? Have we abounded ? 

Hast thou succeeded ? Have you appeared ? 

Has thy heart throbbed ? Have our enemies decamped ? 



58 HAZEN'S PRACTICAL GRAMMAR. 

PRIOR PERFECT TENSE, (PLUPERFECT.) 

The prior perfect tense denotes action or being as past 
at or before some other time specified. 

(Had is the auxiliary of this tense.) 
Singular, Plural 

I. I had gone 1. We had gone 

% Thou hadsf gone 2. You had gone 

3, He had gone 3. They had gone 

Examples for Parsing and Imitation, 

I had alighted. We had dismounted. 

Thou hadst arisen. You had languished. 

The water had congealed. The audience had listened. 

INTERROGATIVE POSITION. 

Had I alighted? Had we dismounted ? 

Hadst thou arisen ? Had you languished ? 

Had the water congealed? Had the audience listened ? 

INDEFINITE FUTURE TENSE. (FIRST FUTURE.) 

The indefinite future tense denotes action or being as 
indefinitely future. 

(Shall and will are the auxiliaries of this tense.) 
Singular. Plural. 

1. I shall go 1. We shall go 

2. Thou shalt go 2. You shall go 

3. He shall go 3. They shall go 

Examples for Parsing and Imitation, 

I shall digress. We will repent. 

Thou wilt elope. You will repine. 

Time will elapse. Events will occur. 



HAZEN'S PRACTICAL GRAMMAR. 59 


INTERROGATIVE POSITION. 


Shall I digress ? 


Shall we repent ? 


Will time elapse ? 


Will you repine ? 


Wilt thou elope ? 


Will events occur ? 


PRIOR FUTURE TENSE. (SECOND FUTURE.) 


The prior future tense denotes action or being, which 


will take place at or before some other future time. 


( Shall have and will have 


are the auxiliaries of this teijse.) 


Singular. 


Plural. 


1. I shall have gone 


1. We shall have gone 


2. Thou wilt have gone 2. You will have gone 


3. He will have gone 


3. They will have gone 


SUBJUNCTIVE MODE. 


A verb in the subjunctive mode, by the aid of a con- 


junction, expresses action 


or being in a doubtful or con- 


ditional manner. 




PRESENT TENSE. 


Singular. 


Plural. 


1. If I go 


1. If we go 


2. If thou go 


2. If you go 


3. If he go 


3. If they go 


1. If I do go 


1. If we do go 


2. If thou do go 


2. If you do go 


3. If he do go 


3. If they do go 


INDEFINITE PAST 


TENSE. (IMPERFECT.) 


Singular. 


Plural. 


1. If I went 


1. If we went 


2. If thou went 


2. If you went 


3. If he went 


3. If they went 



60 HAZEN'S PRACTICAL GRAMMAR. 



Singular. Plural. 

1. If I did go 1. If we did go 

2. If thou did go 2. If you did go 

3. If he did go 3. If they did go 

POTENTIAL MODE. 

A verb in the potential mode expresses action or 
being under a possibility, permission, necessity, ability, 
determination, or obligation; or it asks a question in the 
same form. 

PRESENT TENSE. 
{May, can, and murt, are the auxiliaries of this tense.) 

Singular. Plural. 

1. I may go 1. We may go 

2. Thou mayst go 2. You may go 

3. He may go 3. They may go 

Examples for Parsing and Imitation, 

I may commune. We can exist. 

Thou canst depart. You must expire. 

The mule can amble. Drunkards may stagger. 

INTERROGATIVE POSITION. 

May I commune ? Can we exist ? 

Canst thou depart ? Must you expire ? 

Can the mule amble ? May drunkards stagger ? 

INDEFINITE PAST TENSE. (IMPERFECT.) 

{Might, could, should, and would,axe the auxiliaries of this tense.) 

Singular. Plural. 

1. I might go 1. We might go 

2. Thou mightst go 2. You might go 

3. He might go 3. They might go 



HAZEN'S PRACTICAL GRAMMAR, 



61 



Examples for Parsing and Imitation. 

I might perish. We should proceed. 

Thou couldst persist. You could rejoice. 

The dog would snarl. . The waters might subside. 

INTERROGATIVE POSITION. 

Might I perish ? Should we proceed ? 

Couldst thou persist ? Could you rejoice ? 

Would the dog snarl ? Might the waters subside ? 

PRESENT PERFECT TENSE. (PERFECT.) 
(May have, can have, and must have pre the auxiliaries of this tense.) 

Singular. Plural. 

L I may have gone 1. We may have gone 

2. Thou mayst have gone 2. You may have gone 

3. He may have gone 3. They may have gone 

Examples for Parsing and Imitation. 

I can have retired. We can have subsisted. 

Thou mayst have wondered. You may have wandered. 
The event may have happened. Your ears must have tingled. 

INTERROGATIVE POSITION. 

Can I have retired ? Can we have subsisted ? 

Canst thou have wondered ? Can you have wandered? 
May the event have happened ? Must your ears have tingled ? 

PRIOR PERFECT TENSE. (PLUPERFECT.) 

(Might have, could have, would have, and should have, are the auxil- 
iaries of this tense.) 
Singular. Plural. 

1. I might have gone 1. We might have gone 

2. Thou mightst have gone 2. You might have gone 

3. He might have gone 3. They might have gone 



62 HAZEiN'S PRACTICAL GRAMMAR. 



Examples for Parsing and Imitation. 

I might have exulted. We should have rejoined. 

Thou couldst have responded. You could have presided. 
She would have lingered. The bees would have swarmed. 

INTERROGATIVE POSITION. 

Might I have exulted ? Should we have rejoined ? 

Couldst thou have responded ? Could you have presided ? 
Would she have lingered ? Would the bees have swarmed ? 

IMPERATIVE MODE. 

A verb in the imperative mode expresses authority, 
exhortation, or entreaty. 

PRESENT TENSE. 
Singular. Plu. ah 

2. Go, go thou, or do thou go. 2. Go, go you, or do you go. 

Examples for Parsing and Imitation. 

Persevere. Secede. 

Recline thou. Recede you. 

Do thou aspire. Do ye hesitate. 

Persevere agrees with thou, and secede, with ye or you 
understood. 

INFINITIVE MODE. 
A verb in the infinitive mode expresses action or being 
unlimited by number or person. 

PRESENT TENSE. PRESENT PERFECT. (PERFECT.) 

To go To have gone 



Note. -^-Examples of illustration have not been given under all the 
modes and tenses, because pupils are presumed to be unprepared to un- 
derstand them. They will be met with hereafter. 



HAZEN'S PRACTICAL GRAMMAR. 63 



PARTICIPLES. 

A participle is a word that partakes of the nature of 
a verb and an adjective. 

Participles are derived from verbs. Each complete 
verb supplies three participles; namely, the imperfect, 
the perfect, and the prior perfect. 

IMPERFECT. PERFECT. 

Going Gone 

PRIOR PERFECT. (COMPOUND PERFECT.) 

Having gone. 



THE INTRANSITIVE POST- ADJECTIVE FORM. 

The essential elements of the intransitive post-adjec- 
tive form are a nominative case, and an intransitive verb, 
commonly the verb to be, introduced by it into the sen- 
tence, together with an adjective belonging to that nom- 
inative case. 

THE INTRANSITIVE POST-SUBSTANTIVE FORM. 

The essential elements of the intransitive post-substan- 
tive form, are a nominative case, and an intransitive verb, 
commonly the verb to be, introduced by it into the sen- 
tence, together with another nominative case having 
reference to the same thing. 



Note. — The intransitive post-adjective, and the intransitive post-sub- 
stantive forms, being formed chiefly by the help of the verb to be, have 
been introduced together ; but the examples of each form will be distin- 
guished by a separate heading. 



64 HAZEN'S PRACTICAL GRAMMAR. 
CONJUGATION OF THE VERB TO BE. 

Present Tense. Indefinite Past Tense. Perfect Participle. 

Am Was Been 

INDICATIVE MODE. 

PRESENT TENSE. 
Singular. Plural. 

1. I am 1. We are 

2. Thou art 2 You are 

3. He is 3. They are 

Examples for Parsing and Imitation. 

INTRANSITIVE POST-ADJECTIVE FORM. 

I am cautious. We are shy. 

Thou art anxious. You are wary. 

He is cowardly. They are circumspect. 

INTERROGATIVE POSITION. 

Am I cautious ? Are we shy ? 

Art thou anxious ? Are you wary ? 

Is he cowardly ? Are they circumspect ? 

EXAMPLES OF PARSING. 
I am cautious. 

I is a personal pronoun, singular number, first per- 
son, and nominative case to am. 

Rule. The agent which introduces the verb into the 
sentence, must be in the nominative case. 

Am is an irregular, intransitive verb, indicative mode, 
present tense, singular number, first person, and agrees 
with /. 

Rule. The verb must agree with its nominative case 
in number and person. 



HAZEN'S PRACTICAL GRAMMAR. 



65 



INTRANSITIVE POST-SUBSTANTIVE FORM. 

I am he. We are they. 

Thou art she. You are the boys. 

He is the man. They are the horses. 

INTERROGATIVE POSITION. 

Am I he ? Are we they ? 

Art thou she ? Are you the boys ? 

Is he the man ? Are they the horses ? 

INDEFINITE PAST TENSE. (IMPERFECT.) 
Singular. Plural. 

1. I was 1. We were 

2. Thou wast 2. You were 

3. He was 3. They were 

Examples for Parsing and Imitation. 

INTRANSITIVE POST-ADJECTIVE FORM. 

I was gay. We were emulous. 

Thou wast vain. You were ambitious. 

He was fashionable. They were commendable. 

INTERROGATIVE POSITION. 

Was I gay ? Were we emulous ? 

Wast thou vain ? Were you ambitious ? 

Was he fashionable ? Were they commendable ? 

Cautious is an adjective and belongs to I. 
Rule. Adjectives belong to nouns. 

I am he. 

I and am are parsed as in the preceding example. 

He is a personal pronoun, masculine gender, singu- 
lar number, third person, and nominative case after am. 

Rule. Any verb may have the same case after it as 
before it, when both words refer to the same thing. 



6* 



66 



HAZEL'S PRACTICAL GRAMMAR. 



INTRANSITIVE POST-SUBSATNTIVE FORM. 

I was the person. We were the planters. 

Thou wast the dupe. Ye were the sinners. 

She was the seamstress. They were the writers. 

INTERROGATIVE POSITION. 

Was I the person ? Were we the planters ? 

Wast thou the dupe? Were ye the sinners ? 

Was she the seamstress ? Were they the writers ? 

• PRESENT PERFECT TENSE. (PERFECT.) 



Singular. 

1. I have been 

2. Thou hast been 

3. He has been 



Plural. 

1. We have been 

2. You have been 

3. They have been 



Examples for Parsing and Imitation. 

INTRANSITIVE POST-ADJECTIVE FORM. 

I have been indignant. We have been absolute. 

Thou hast been austere. You have been supercilious. 
He has been haughty. They have been proud. 

INTERROGATIVE POSITION. 

Have I been indignant? Have we been absolute ? 

Hast thou been austere ? Have you been supercilious ? 
Has he been haughty? Have they been proud ? 

INTRANSITIVE POST-SUBSTANTIVE *FORM. 

I have been a student. We have been teachers. 

Thou hast been a heretic. You have been preachers. 
He has been a butcher. They have been farmers. 

INTERROGATIVE POSITION. 

Have I been a student ? Have we been teachers ? 

Hast thou been a heretic ? Have you been preachers ? 
Has he been a butcher ? Have they been farmers ? 



HAZEN'S PRACTICAL GRAMMAR. 67 


PRIOR PERFECT TENSE. (PLUPERFECT.) 


Singular. 


Plural. 


1. I had been 


1. We had been 


2. Thou hadst been 


2. You had been 


3. He had been 


.3. They had been 


Examples for Parsing and Imitation. 


INTRANSITIVE POST-ADJECTIVE FORM. 


I had been humane. 


We had been generous. 


Thou hadst been kind. 


You had been merciful. 


He had been benevolent. 


They had been charitable. 


INTERROGATIVE POSITION. 


Had I been humane ? 


Had we been generous ? 


Hadst thou been kind ? 


Had you been merciful ? 


Had he been benevolent ? 


Had they been charitable ? 


INTRANSITIVE POST SUBSTANTIVE FORM. 


I had been a gardener. 


We had been hatters. 


Thou hadst been a miller. 


You had been rope-makers. 


He had been a baker. 


They had been tailors. 


INTERROGATIVE POSITION. 


Had I been a gardener ? 


Had we been hatters ? 


Hadst thou been a miller ? 


Had you been rope-makers ? 


Had he been a baker ? 


Had they been tailors? 


INDEFINITE FUTURE 


TENSE. (FIRST FUTURE.) 


Singular. 


Plural. 


1. I shall be 


1. We shall be 


2. Thou shalt be 


2. You shall be 


3. He shall be 


3. They shall be 



68 HAZEN'S PRACTICAL GRAMMAR. 

Examples for Parsing and Imitation. 

INTRANSITIVE POST-ADJECTIVE FORM. 

I shall be obedient. We shall be modest. 

Thou shalt be devout. You shall be respectful. 

He shall be venerable. They shall be respectable. 

INTERROGATIVE POSITION. 

Shall I be obedient ? Shall we be modest ? 

Wilt thou be devout? Will you be respectful? 

Will he be venerable ? Will they be respectable ? 

INTRANSITIVE POST«UBSTANTIVE FORM. 

I will be a brewer. We will be milliners. 

Thou wilt be a tobacconist. You will be barbers. 
He will be a dyer. They will be tanners. 

INTERROGATIVE POSITION. 

Shall I be a brewer ? Shall we be milliners ? 

Wilt thou be a tobacconist? Will you be barbers ? 
Will he be a dyer ? Will they be tanners ? 

PRIOR FUTURE TENSE. (SECOND FUTURE.) 
Singular. Plural. 

1. I shall have been 1. We shall have been 

2. Thou wilt have been 2. You will have been 

3. He will have been 3. They will have been 

SUBJUNCTIVE MODE. 

PRESENT TENSE. 
Singular. Plural. 

1. If I be 1. If we be 

2. If thou be 2. If you be 

3. If he be 3. If they be 



HAZEN'S PRACTICAL GRAMMAR. 69 




INDEFINITE PAST 


TENSE. (IMPERFECT.) 




Singular. 


Plural. 


1. 


If I were 


1. If we were 


2. 


If thou wert 


2. If you were 


3. 


If he were 


3. If they were 




POTENTIAL MODE. 




PRESENT TENSE. 




Singular, 


Plural. 


1. 


I may be 


1. We may be 


2. 


Thou mayst be 


2. You may be 


3. 


He may be 


3. They may be 




Examples for Parsing and Imitation, 




INTRANSITIVE POST-ADJECTIVE FORM. 


I can 


be firm. 


We can be contumacious. 


Thou canst be stubborn. 


Ye can be indefatigable. 


He can be pertinacious. 


They can be disobedient. 




INTERROGATIVE POSITION. 


Can I be firm ? 


Can we be contumacious ? 


Canst thou be stubborn ? 


Can ye be indefatigable ? 


Can he be pertinacious ? 


Can they be disobedient ? 




INTRANSITIVE POST-SUBSTANTIVE FORM. 


I may be a shoemaker. 


We may be comb-makers. 


Thou 


mayst be a saddler. 


You may be tavern-keepers. 


He may be a soap-boiler. 


They may be hunters. 




INTERROGATIVE POSITION. 


May 


I be a shoemaker ? 


May we be comb-makers ? 


Mays 


t thou be a saddler ? 


May you be tavern-keepers ? 


May 


he be a soap-boiler? 


Must they be hunters ? 









70 HAZEN'S PRACTICAL GRAMMAR. 



INDEFINITE PAST TENSE. (IMPERFECT.) 
Singular. Plural. 

1. I might be 1. We might be 

2. Thou mightst be 2. You might be 

3. He might be 3. They might be 

Examples for Parsing and Imitation. 

INTRANSITIVE POST-ADJECTIVE TORM. 

I might be candid. We could be impartial. 

Thou mighst be honest. You could be sincere. 

He might be righteous. They could be conscientious. 

INTERROGATIVE POSITION. 

Might I be candid ? Could we be impartial ? 

Mightst thou be honest ? Could you be sincere ? 

Might he be righteous ? Could they be conscientious ? 

INTRANSITIVE POST-SUBSTANTIVE FORM. 

I would be a fisherman. We should be auctioneers. 

Thou wouldst be a shipwright. You should be clergymen. 
He would be a mariner. They should be attorneys. 

INTERROGATIVE POSITION. 

Would I be a fisherman ? Should we be auctioneers? 

Wouldst thou be a shipwright ? Should you be clergymen ? 
Would he be a mariner ? Should they be attorneys? 

PRIOR PRESENT TENSE. (PERFECT.) 
Singular. Plural. 

1. I may have been 1. We may have been 

2. Thou mayst have been % You may have been 

3. He may have been 3. They may have been 



HAZEN'S PRACTICAL GRAMMAR. 



71 



Examples for Parsing and Imitation. 

INTRANSITIVE POST-ADJECTIVE FORM. 

I may have been desperate. We must have been buoyant. 
Thou may st have been hopeful. Ye must have been cheerful. 
He may have been despondent. They must have been sanguine. 

INTERROGATIVE POSITION, 

May I have been desperate ? Must we have been buoyant? 
Mayst thou have been hopeful ?Must ye have been cheerful? 
May he have been despondent? Must they have been sanguine? 

INTRANSITIVE POST-SUBSTANTIVE FORM. 

I can have been a physician. We can have been teachers. 
Thou canst have been a chemist. You can have been musicians. 
He can have been a dentist. They can have been sculptors. 

INTERROGATIVE POSITION. 

Can I have been a physician ? Can we have been teachers ? 
Canst thou have been a chemist ?Can you have been musicians ? 
Can he have been a dentist ? Can they have been sculptors ? 

PRIOR PERFECT TENSE. (PLUPERFECT.) 
Singular. Plural. 

1. I might have been 1. We might have been 

2. Thou mightst have been 2. You might have been 

3. He might have been 3. They might have been 

Examples for Parsing and Imitation. 

INTRANSITIVE POST-ADJECTIVE FORM. 

I might have been credulous. We could have been marvellous. 

Thou mightst have been orthodox. You could have been superstitious. 
It might have been wonderful. They could have been mystic. 

INTERROGATIVE POSITION. 

Might I have been credulous ? Could we have been marvellous? 

Mightst thou have been orthodox ? Could you have been superstitious ? 
Might it have been wonderful ? Could they have been mystic ? 



72 HAZEN'S PRACTICAL GRAMMAR. 



INTRANSITIVE POST-SUBSTANTIVE FORM. 

I should have been a painter. We would have been engravers. 

Thou shouldst have been an author .You would have been lithographers. 
He should have been a printer. They would have been founders. 

INTERROGATIVE POSITION. 

Should I have been a painter? Would we have been engravers? 

Shouldst thou have been an author ?Wouldyou have been lithographers? 
Should he have been a printer ? Would they have been founders ? 

IMPERATIVE MODE. 

PRESENT TENSE. 
Singular. Plural. 

2. Be, be thou, or do thou be. 2. Be, be you, or do you be. 

Examples for Parsing and Imitation. 

INTRANSITIVE POST-ADJECTIVE FORM. 

Be poetical. Be sublime. 

Be thou sentimental. Be ye noble. 

Do thou be imaginary. Do you be vivid. 

INTRANSITIVE POST-SUBSTANTIVE FORM. 

Be a paper-maker. Be architects. 

Be thtfu a bookbinder. Be ye carpenters. 

Do thou be a bookseller. Be you cabinet-makers. 

INFINITIVE MODE. 

PRESENT TENSE. PRIOR PRESENT TENSE. (PERFECT.) 

To be To have been 

PARTICIPLES. 
Imperfect. Being Perfect. Been 

PRIOR PERFECT. (COMPOUND PERFECT.) 

Having been 

— — — ~ i 



HAZEN'S PRACTICAL GRAMMAR. 



73 



There are several other verbs, besides the verb to be, 
that can be used in constructing the intransitive post- 
adjective, and the intransitive post- substantive verbal 
forms. 

Examples for Parsing and Imitation. 

INTRANSITIVE POST-ADJECTIVE FORM. 

I may become pious. We must become studious. 

Thou hast become playful. You might become popular. 
He will become learned They may have become healthy. 

INTRANSITIVE POST-SUBSTANTIVE FORM. 

This youth may become a great man. 
These pupils might become good grammarians 
This speaker will become an eminent orator. 
Our old friend has become a bishop. 

INTRANSITIVE POST-ADJECTIVE FORM. 

Glass feels smooth. The syrup has boiled thick. 

This apple tastes sour. The sun shines bright. 

The eggs will boil hard. My uncle died rich. 

INTRANSITIVE POST-SUBSTANTIVE FORM. 

Trim struts a soldier. She lived a christian 



She walks a queen. 
The calf grows an ox. 



Stephen died a martyr. 
He goes a captain. 



Passive verbs of naming, calling, choosing, appoint- 
ing, and the like, may be also used in forming the post- 
substantive verbal form, and some of them may be used 
in forming the post-adjective form. 

INTRANSITIVE POST-ADJECTIVE FORM. 

This wheat is called good. 

This student was considered talented. 



74 HAZEN'S PRACTICAL GRAMMAR. 

These cloths have been denominated superfine. 
The land will be thought steril. 
My people shall be made willing. 

INTRANSITIVE POST-SUBSTANTIVE FORM. 

Those mechanics are called good workmen. 
My father was chosen a representative. 
Your favorite author has been made a bishop. 
These people are denominated Presbyterians. 
These lawyers are considered talented men. 

Pupils need not study the above examples, until they have become 
better acquainted with the passive verb. 



THE TRANSI1STIVE FORM. 

The essential elements of the transitive form are a 
nominative case, and a transitive verb introduced by it 
into the sentence, together with an objective case gov- 
erned by the verb. 

THE TRANSITIVE VERB. 

The transitive verb expresses an action which termi- 
nates on an object. 





CONJUGATION OF 


THE VERB TO LOVE. 


Present Tense. 


Indefinite 


Past Tense. Perfect Participle. 




Love 


Loved 


Loved 




INDICATIVE 


MODE. 






PRESENT TENSE. 




Singular. 






Plural. 


1. 


I love 




1. 


We love 


2. 


Thou love st 




2. 


You love 


3. 


He loves 




3. 


They love 






HAZEN'S PRACTICAL GRAMMAR. 75 

Examples for Parsing and Imitation. 

I admire an observing - pupil. 

Thou behoklest the identical person. 

He hears a distinguished preacher. 

We employ an eminent lawyer. 

You venerate the prominent politician. 

They hang the notorious pirate. 

Singular. Plural. 

1. I do love 1. We do love 

2. Thou dost love 2. You do love 

3. He does love 3. They do love 

Examples for Parsing and Imitation, 

We do ascend the crooked river. 
You do descend the narrow stream. 
They do grade the uneven road. 
I do visit lofty mountains. 
Thou dost climb the slim mast. 
She does cross the broad street. 



EXAMPLES OF PARSING. 
Thou beholdest the identical person. 

Be/widest is an irregular, transitive verb, indicative 
mode, present tense, singular number, second person, 
and agrees with thou. 

Rule. The verb must agree with its nominative case 
in number and person. 

Person is a common noun, masculine gender, singu- 
lar number, third person, objective case, and governed 
by be/widest. 

Rule. Transitive verbs govern the objective case. 



76 HAZEN'S PRACTICAL CRAMMAR. 



INDEFINITE PAST TENSE. (IMPERFECT.) 
Singular. Plural. 

1. I loved 1. We loved 

2. Thou lovedst 2. You loved 

3. He loved 3. They loved 

Examples for Parsing and Imitation. 

I killed a diminutive snake. 
Thou viewedst a huge mountain. 
Charles crossed a prodigious river. 
We saw an enormous elephant. 
You purchased a large schooner. 
The peddlers carried a bulky pack. 

Singular. Plural. 

1. I did love 1. We did love 

2. Thou didst love 2. You did love 

3. He did love 3. They did love 

Examples for Parsing and Imitation. 

I did wield a heavy sledge. 

Thou didst carry a ponderous weight. 

John did balance a long pole. 

We did preserve a proper equilibrium. 

You did convey a light parcel. 

The laws did require an equal balance. 

PRIOR PRESENT TENSE. (PERFECT.) 
Singular. Plural. 

1. I have loved 1. We have loved 

2. Thou hast loved 2. You have loved 

3. He has loved 3. They have loved 



HAZEN'S PRACTICAL GRAMMAR. 



77 



Examples for Parsing and Imitation. 

I have chosen violet hue. 

Thou hast preferred indigo color. 

Jane has purchased a blue riband. 

We have mown the green grass. 

You have bought a yellow peach. 

The ladies have procured orange dresses. 

The commissioners have sold the red house. 

PRIOR PERFECT TENSE. (PLUPERFECT.) 



Singular. 

1. I had loved 

2. Thou hadst loved 

3. He had loved 



Plural. 

1. We had loved 

2. You had loved 

3. They had loved 

Examples for Parsing and Imitation. 

I had taken the wrong road. 

Thou hadst missed the right way. 

My mule had known the difficult passes. 

We had visited distant lands. 

You had crossed the vast ocean. 

Our children had learned geography. 

INDEFINITE FUTURE TENSE. (FIRST FUTURE.) 
Singular. Plural. 

1. I shall love 1. We shall love 

2. Thou shalt love 2. You shall love 

3. He shall love 3. They shall love 

Examples for Parsing and Imitation. 

I shall study an accurate arithmetic. 
Thou wilt solve difficult questions. 
Thy son will make the long calculations. 
We shall compute the small items. 
You will meet the whole payment. 
The merchants will make heavy bills. 



7* 



78 HAZEL'S PRACTICAL GRAMMAR. 

PRIOR FUTURE TENSE. (SECOND FUTURE.) 
Singular. Plural. 

1. I shall have loved 1. We shall have loved 

2. Thou wilt have loved 2. You will have loved 

3. He will have loved 3. They will have loved 

SUBJUNCTIVE MODE. 

PRESENT TENSE. 
Singular. Plural. 

1. If I love 1. If we love 

2. If thou love 2. If you love 

3. If he love 3. If they love 

INDEFINITE PAST TENSE. (IMPERFECT.) 

Singular. Plural. 

1. If I loved 1. If we loved 

2. If thou loved " 2. If you loved 

3. If he loved 3. If they loved 

POTENTIAL MODE. 

PRESENT TENSE. 
Singular. Plural. 

1. I may love 1. We may love 

2. Thou mayst love 2. You may love 

3. He may love 3. They may love 

Examples for Parsing and Imitation. 

I may have system. 

Thou canst preserve strict order. 

He must keep an orderly house. 

We may arrange our affairs. 

You can make systematic arrangements. 

The children may create confusion. 



HAZEN'S PRACTICAL GRAMMAR. 79 

INDEFINITE PAST TENSE. (IMPERFECT.) 
Singular. Plural. 

1. I might love 1. We might love 

2. Thou mightst love 2. You might love 

3. He might love 3. They might love 

Examples for Parsing and Imitation. 

I might remember historical facts. 

Thou couldst improve thy memory. 

Charles should read sacred history. 

"We would relate curious incidents. 

You might forget the most interesting details. 

Creditors would remember tardy debtors. 

PRIOR PRESENT TENSE. (PERFECT.) 
Singular. Plural. 

1. I may have loved 1. We may have loved 

2. Thou mayst have loved 2. You may have loved 

3. He may have loved 3. They may have loved 

Examples for Parsing and Imitation. 

I may have known the time. 

Thou canst have kept the step. 

His father must have recollected the date. 

We may have observed the exact hour. 

You can have counted the passing moments. 

The students must have studied systematic divinity. 

PRIOR PERFECT TENSE. (PLUPERFECT.) 
Singular. Plural. 

1. I might have loved 1. We might have loved 

2. Thou mightst have loved 2. You might have loved 

3. He might have loved 3. They might have loved 



80 



HAZEN'S PRACTICAL GRAMMAR. 



Examples for Parsing and Imitation. 

I might have heard the delightful music. 
Thou couldst have caught the brilliant symphony. 
The musician would have perceived the least discord. 
We should have observed the pleasing harmony. 
You should have improved your excellent voice. 
Musicians should have honored Guido Aretine. 

INTERROGATIVE POSITION IN SEVERAL TENSES. 

Does he love metaphorical illustration ? 

Did he admire critical discussions ? 

Has he heard analogical speakers ? 

Had they written severe criticisms ? 

Will- they regard parabolical writers ? 

May I propose a few reasons ? 

Could you understand the metaphysical distinctions? 

Can they have believed the absurd allegories ? 

Should they have rejected conclusive reasoning? 

Could they have preferred forensic argumentations? 

IMPERATIVE MODE. 

PRESENT TENSE. 
2. Love, love thou, or do thou love. 2. Love, love you, or do you love. 

Examples for Parsing and Imitation. 

Observe verbal accuracy. 

Avoid thou a verbose style. 

Do thou learn English grammar. 

Improve your diction. 

Acquire an appropriate phraseology. 

Imitate the most accurate writers. 

INFINITIVE MODE. 

PRESENT TENSE. PRIOR PRESENT TENSE. (PERFECT.) 

To love To have loved 



HAZEN'S PRACTICAL GRAMMAR. 81 

PARTICIPLES. 
Imperfect. Loving Perfect. Loved 

PRIOR PERFECT. (COMPOUND PERFECT.) 

Having loved 

Transitive and intransitive verbs may be formed by 
adding their imperfect participle to the verb to be 
through all its variations. 

INDICATIVE MODE. 

PRESENT TENSE. 
Singular. Plural. 

1. I am loving 1. We are loving 

2. Thou art loving 2. You are loving 

3. He is loving 3. They are loving 

Examples for Parsing and Imitation. 

INTRANSITIVE FORM. 

I am sitting. We are wandering. 

Thou art failing. You are sneezing. 

The water is rising. The serpents are creeping. 

EXAMPLES OF PARSING. 
I am sitting. 

I is a personal pronoun, singular number, first per- 
son, and nominative case to am sitting. 

Rule. The agent which introduces the verb into the 
sentence, must be in the nominative case. 

Am sitting is an irregular, intransitive verb, indica- 
tive mode, present tense, singular number, first person, 
and agrees with /. 

Rule. The verb must agree with its nominative case 
in number and person. 



82 HAZEL'S PRACTICAL GRAMMAR. 

TRANSITIVE FORM. 

The farmer is driving his tardy cattle. 

The chemist is preparing some powerful medicines. 

The sculptors are carving some beautiful figures. 

INDEFINITE PAST TENSE. (IMPERFECT.) 
Singular. Plural. 

1. I was loving 1. We were loving 

2. Thou wast loving 2. You were loving 

3. He was loving 3. They were loving 

Examples for Parsing and Imitation, 

INTRANSITIVE FORM. 

I was leaning. We were hesitating. 

Thou wast jumping. You were fattening. 

The boy was hopping. The monsters were floundering. 

TRANSITIVE FORM. 

The type-founders were casting large types. 
The architect was planning an elegant building. 
Some carpenters were erecting a spacious barn. 

PRIOR PRESENT TENSE. (PERFECT.) 

Singular. Plural. 

1. I have been loving 1. We have been loving 

2. Thou hast been loving 2. You have been loving 

3. He has been loving 3. They have been loving 

The farmer is driving his tardy cattle. 

Cattle is a common noun, masculine gender, plural 
number, third person, objective case, and governed by 
is driving. 

Rule. Transitive verbs govern the objective case. 



HAZEN'S PRACTICAL GRAMMAR. 83 



Examples for Parsing and Imitation. 

INTRANSITIVE FORM. 

I have been fishing. We have been whooping. 

Thou hast been chattering. You have been laughing. 
The bird has been flying. The horses have been neighing, 

TRANSITIVE FORM. 

These hatters have been felting hat bodies. 
These fishermen have been catching salmon. 
These glaziers have been glazing our windows. 

PRIOR PERFECT TENSE. (PLUPERFECT.) 
Singular. Plural. 

1. I had been loving 1. We had been loving 

2. Thou hadst been loving 2. You had been loving 

3. He had been loving 3. They had been loving 

Examples for Parsing and Imitation. 

INTRANSITIVE FORM. 

I had been coughing. We had been quaking. 

Thou hadst been laboring. You had been dreaming. 

The wind had been blowing. The foxes had been barking. 

TRANSITIVE FORM. 

The surgeon had been amputating a broken limb. 

The teacher had been admonishing his refractory pupils. 

The ingenuous youth had been acknowledging his fault. 

INDEFINITE FUTURE TENSE. (FIRST FUTURE.) 
Singular. Plural. 

1. I shall be loving 1. We shall be loving 

2. Thou shalt be loving 2. You shall be loving 

3. He shall be loving 3. They shall be loving 



84 HAZEN'S PRACTICAL GRAMMAR. 

Examples for Parsing and Imitation, 

INTKANSITIVE FORM. 

I shall be emigrating. We shall be murmuring. 

Thou wilt be rambling. You will be reasoning. 

The seed will be vegetating. The novices will be blundering. 

TRANSITIVE FORM. 

I shall be embellishing my apartments. 

Intelligent parents will be educating their children. 

Envious persons will be slandering their neighbors. 

PRIOR FUTURE TENSE. (SECOND FUTURE.) 
Singular. Plurah 

1. I shall have been loving 1. We shall have been loving 

2. Thou wilt have been loving 2. You will have been loving 

3. He will have been loving 3. They will have been loving 

It appears to be unnecessary to exemplify this form of the 
verb any further, as teachers can easily carry pupils through all 
the modes and tenses without further aid. 



THE PASSIVE FORM. 

The essential elements of the passive form are a 
nominative case, and a passive verb, introduced by it 
into the sentence. 

THE PASSIVE VERB. 

The passive verb expresses action received by the 
nominative case which introduces it into the sentence. 

The passive verb is formed by adding the perfect 
participle of the transitive verb to the verb to be through 
all its variations. 



HAZEN'S PRACTICAL GRAMMAR. 



85 



CONJUGATION OF THE VERB TO BE LOVED. 
INDICATIVE MODE. 

PRESENT TENSE. 



Singular. 

1. I am loved 

2. Thou art loved 

3. He is loved 



Plural. 

1. We are loved 
2 You are loved 
3. They are loved 



Examples for Parsing and Imitation. 

We are admitted. 
You are advanced. 
They are abhorred. 



I am absolved. 
Thou art accosted. 
He is accused. 



INDEFINITE PAST TENSE. (IMPERFECT.) 



Singular. 

1. I was loved 

2. Thou wast loved 

3. He was loved 



Plural. 

1. We were loved 

2. You were loved 

3. They were loved 



Examples for Parsing and Imitation. 

We were amazed. 
You were amused. 
Dangers were averted. 



I was adopted. 
Thou wast adorned. 
The book was abridged. 



EXAMPLES OF PARSING. 
I am absolved. 
Am absolved is a regular, passive verb, indicative 
mode, present tense, singular number, first person, 
and agrees with /. 

Rule. The verb must agree with its nominative case 
in number and person. 



__ 

86 HAZEN'S PRACTICAL GRAMMAR. 




PRIOR PRESENT 


TENSE. (PERFECT.) 


1. 

2. 
3. 


Singular. 

I have been loved 
Thou hast been loved 
He has been loved 


Plural. 

1. We have been loved 

2. You have been loved 

3. They have been loved 




Examples for Parsing and Imitation. 


I have been answered. 
Thou hadst been applauded. 
It has been asserted. 


We have been missed. 
You have been approved. 
Friends have been rewarded. 




PRIOR PERFECT TENSE. (PLUPERFECT.) 


1. 

2. 
3. 


Singular. 

I had been loved 
Thou hadst been loved 
He had been loved 


Plural. 

1. We had been loved 

2. You had been loved 

3. They had been loved 




Examples for Parsing and Imitation. 


I had been assailed. 
Thou hadst been assisted. 
He had been aroused. 


We had been attended. 
You had been attracted. 
They had been reformed. 




INDEFINITE FUTURE TENSE. (FIRST FUTURE.) 




Singular. 


Plural. 


1. 

2. 
3. 


I shall be loved 
Thou shalt be loved 
He shall be loved 


1. We shall be loved 

2. You shall be loved 

3. They shall be loved 




Examples for Parsing and Imitation. 


I shall be regarded. 
Thou wilt be animated. 
He shall be apprehended. 


We shall be undone. 
You shall be sustained. 
They will be astonished. 



HAZEN'S PRACTICAL GRAMMAR. 87 



L 



PRIOR FUTURE TENSE. (SECOND FUTURE.) 
Singular. Plural. 

1. I shall have been loved 1. We shall have been loved 

2. Thou wilt have been loved 2. You will have been loved 

3. He will have been loved 3. They will have been loved 

SUBJUNCTIVE MODE. 

PRESENT TENSE. 
Singular. Plural. 

1. If I be loved 1. If we be loved 

2. If thou be loved 2. If you be loved 

3. If he be loved 3. If they be loved 

INDEFINITE PAST TENSE. (IMPERFECT.) 

Singular. Plural. 

1. If I were loved 1. If we were loved 

2. If thou wert loved 2. If you were loved 

3. If he were loved 3. If they were loved 

POTENTIAL MODE. 

PRESENT TENSE. 
Singular. Plural. 

1. I may be loved 1. We may be loved 

2. Thou mayst be loved 2. You may be loved 

3. He may be loved 3. They may be loved 

Examples for Parsing and Imitation. 

I may be appointed. We can be assured. 

Thou mayst be baffled. You can be cajoled. 

It must be allowed. The apples must be assorted. 

INDEFINITE PAST TENSE. (IMPERFECT.) 
Sing ular. Plural. 

1. I might be loved 1. We might be loved 

2. Thou mightst be loved 2. You might be loved 

3. He might be loved 3. They might be loved 



88 HAZEN'S PRACTICAL GRAMMAR. 

Examples for Parsing and Imitation. 

I might be coerced. We would be defended. 

Thou mightst be commended. We should be confounded. 
The book might be compiled. Our enemies could be conquered. 

PRIOR PRESENT TENSE. (PERFECT.) 
Singular. Plural. 

1. I may have been loved 1. We may have been loved 

2. Thou mayst have been loved 2. You may have been loved 

3. He may have been loved 3. They may have been loved 

Examples for Parsing and Imitation. 

I may have been constrained. We must have been dazzled. 

Thou must have been convinced. You may have been deceived. 
It can have been coveted. They can have been defamed. 

PRIOR PERFECT TENSE. (PLUPERFECT.) 
Singular. Plural. 

1. I might have been loved 1. We might have been loved 

2. Thou mightst have been loved 2. You might have been loved 

3. He might have been loved 3. They might have been loved 

Examples for Parsing and Imitation. 

1 might have been vexed. We would have been taken. 

Thou couldst have been wooed. You might have been sought. 
The egg should have been boiled. They could have been blessed. 

IMPERATIVE MODE. 

PRESENT TENSE. 
Singular. Plural. 

2. Be loved, be thou loved, 2. Be loved, be you loved, 
or do thou be loved. or do you be loved. 

Examples for Parsing anil Imitation. 

Be colonized. Be fortified. 

Be thou compensated. Be ye gratified. 

Do thou be enfranchised. Do you be inspirited. 



HAZEN'S PRACTICAL GRAMMAR. 



89 



INFINITIVE MODE. 

PRESENT TENSE. PRIOR PRESENT TENSE. (PERFECT.) 

To be loved To have been loved 

PARTICIPLES. 
Imperfect. Being loved Perfect. Loved 

PRIOR PERFECT. (COMPOUND PERFECT.) 

Having been loved 



IRREGULAR VERBS. 
A verb is irregular, when it does not form the indefi- 
nite past tense and the perfect participle by adding d 
or ed to the present tense. 

Some of the verbs in the following list are also regular, either 
in the indefinite past tense, or in the perfect participle, or both. 
In such cases its regularity will be indicated by an R. 

Irregular verbs are of various sorts. 
1. Such as have the present tense, the indefinite past 
tense, and the perfect participle alike. 



Present Tense. 


Indefinite Past Tense. 


Perfect Participle 


Shed 


Shed 


Shed 


Shred 


Shred 


Shred 


Spread 


Spread 


Spread 


Rid 


Rid 


Rid 


Let 


s Let 


Let 


Set 


Set 


Set 


Wet 


Wet 


Wet, R. 


Sweat 


Sweat, R. 


Sweat, R 


Hit 


Hit 


Hit 



8* 



90 



HAZEJs'S PRACTICAL GRAMMAR. 



'esent Tense. 


Indefinite Past Tense. 


Perfect Participle. 


Knit 


Knit, R. 


Knit, R. 


Slit 


Slit, R. 


Slit, R. 


Spit 


Spit or spat 


Spit or Spitten 


Split 


Split 


Split 


Quit 


Quit, R. 


Quit, R. 


Wont 


Wont, R. 


Wont, R. 


Cut 


Cut 


Cut 


Put 


Put 


Put 


Shut 


Shut 


Shut 


Hurt 


Hurt 


Hurt 


Cast 


Cast 


Cast 


Cost 


Cost 


Cost 


Burst 


Burst 


Burst 


Thrust 


Thrust 


Thrust 



2. Such as have the indefinite past tense and the per- 
fect, participle the same, but different from the present 
tense. 



csent Tense. 


Indefinite Past Tense. 


Perfect Participle 


Lay 


Laid 


Laid 


Pay 


Paid 


Paid 


Say 


Said 


Said 


Make 


Made 


Made 


Have 


Had 


Had 


Stand 


Stood 


Stood 


Flee 


Fled 


Fled 


Lead 


Led 


Led 


Read 


Read 


Read 


Feed 


Fed 


Fed 


Bleed 


Bled 


Bled 


Breed 


Bred 


Bred 


Speed 


Sped 


Sped 


Sell 


Sold 


Sold 





HAZEN'S PRACTICAL 


GRAMMAR. 91 


Present Tense 


Indefinite Past Tense. 


Perfect Participle* 


Tell 


Told 


Told 


Dwell 


Dwelt, R 


Dwelt, R. 


Deal 


Dealt, R. 


Dealt, R. 


Feel 


Felt 


Felt 


Keep 


Kept 


Kept 


Weep 


Wept 


Wept 


Sleep 


Slept 


Slept 


Creep 


Crept 


Crept 


Sweep 


Swept 


Swept 


Mean 


Meant 


Meant 


Hear 


Heard 


Heard 


Get 


Got 


Got 


Meet 


Met 


Met 


Leave 


Left 


Left 


Reave 


Reft, R. 


Reft, R. 


Bereave 


Bereft, R. 


Bereft, R. 


Bend 


Beot, R. 


Bent, R. 


Lend 


Lent 


Lent 


Rend 


Rent 


Rent 


Send 


Sent 


Sent 


Spend 


Spent 


Spent 


Bind 


Bound 


Bound 


Find 


Found 


Found 


Wind 


Wound, R. 


Wound 


Grind 


Ground 


Ground 


Gild 


Gilt, R. 


Gilt, R. 


Build 


Built, R. 


Built, R. 


Gird 


Girt, R. 


Girt, R. 


Spill 


Spilt, R. 


Spilt, R. 


Light 


Lit, R. 


Lit, R. 


Ride 


Rode 


Rode or riden 


Abide 


Abode 


Abode 


Shine 


Shone, R. 


Shone, R. 









92 


HAZEN'S PRACTICAL 


GRAMMAR. 


Present Tense. 


Indefinite Past Tense. 


Perfect Participle. 


Dig 


Dug, R. 


Dug, R. 


Stick 


Stuck 


Stuck 


Strike 


Struck 


Struck, Stricken 


Swim 


Swum or swam 


Swum 


Win 


Won 


Won 


Spin 


Spun 


Spun 


Sit 


Sat 


Sat 


Hang 


Hung, R. 


Hung, R. 


Ring 


Rung or rang 


Rung 


Wring 


Wrung, R. 


Wrung 


Sing 


Sung or sang 


Sung 


Cling 


Clung 


Clung 


Fling 


Flung 


Flung 


Sling 


Slung or slang 


Slung 


Sting 


Stung 


Stung 


Spring 


Sprung or sprang 


Sprung 


String 


Strung, R. 


Strung, R. 


Swing 


Swung or swang 


Swung 


Sink 


Sunk or sank 


Sunk 


Shrink 


Shrunk or shrank 


Shrunk 


Slink 


Slunk or slank 


Slunk 


Stink 


Stunk 


Stunk 


Hold 


Held 


Held 


Shoe 


Shod 


Shod 


Lose 


Lost 


Lost 


Shoot 


Shot 


Shot 


Catch 


Caught, R. 


Caught, R. 


Seek 


Sought 


Sought 


Teach 


Taught 


Taught 


Beseech 


Besought 


Besought 


Bring 


Brought 


Brought 


Think 


Thought 


Thought 


Fight 

. .. .. 


Fought 


Fought 

'.. 



hazen's practical grammar. 



93 



3. Such as have the indefinite past tense and the 
perfect participle different. 



Present Tense. 


Indefinite Past Tense. 


Perfect Participle. 


Am 


Was 


Been 


Wax 


Waxed 


Waxen, R. 


Slay 


Slew 


Slain 


Lade 


Laded 


Laden, R. 


Bake 


Baked 


Baken, R. 


Take 


Took 


Taken 


Shake 


Shook 


Shaken 


Forsake 


Forsook 


Forsaken 


Break 


Broke or brake 


Broken 


Awake 


Awoke, R. 


Awaked 


Shape 


Shaped 


Shapen, R. 


Shave 


Shaved 


Shaven, R. 


Dare 


Durst 


Dared 


Dare 


Dared, Auxiliary 




Bear, to bring forth Bare or bore 


Born 


Bear, to carry 


Bore or bare 


Borne 


Tear 


Tore or tare 


Torn 


Wear 


Wore 


Worn 


Swear 


Swore or sware 


Sworn 


Forbear 


Forbore 


Forborn 


Saw 


Sawed 


Sawn, R. 


Draw 


Drew 


Drawn 


Fall 


Fell 


Fallen 


Swell 


Swelled 


Swollen, R. 


Tread 


Trod 


Trodden 


Forget 


Forgot 


Forgotten or forgot 


See 


Saw 


Seen 


Speak 


Spoke or Spake 


Spoken 


Steal 


Stole 


Stolen 


Shear 


Sheared 


Shorn, R. 


Eat 


Eat or ate 


Eaten 



1 

94 


HAZEN 


'S PRACTICAL 


GRAMMAR. 


Present Tense. Indefinite Past Tense. 


Perfect Participle. 


Beat 




Beat 


Beaten or beat 


Heave 




Hove, R. 


Hoven, R. 


Weave 




Wove 


Woven 


Cleave, 


to split 


Clove, cleft 


Cloven or Cleft 


Cleave, 


to adhere Clave, R. 


Cleaved 


Freeze 




Froze 


Frozen 


Bid 




Bid or bade 


Bidden or bid 


Drink 




Drank 


Drunk 


Give 




Gave 


Given 


Rive 




Rived 


Riven, R. 


Begin 




Began 


Begun 


Lie, to lie down 


Lay 


Lain 


Hide 




Hid 


Hidden or hid 


Chide 




Chid 


Chidden or chid 


Slide 




Slid 


Slidden 


Stride 




Strode or strid 


Stridden 


Rise 




Rose 


Risen 


Arise 




Arose 


Arisen 


Bite 




Bit 


Bitten or bit 


Smite 




Smote 


Smitten 


Write 




Wrote 


Written 


Drive 




Drove 


Driven 


Strive 




Strove 


Striven 


Go 




Went 


Gone 


Mow 




Mowed 


Mown, R. 


Sow 




Sowed 


Sown, R. 


Show 




Showed 


Shown 


Blow 




. Blew 


Blown 


Know 




Knew 


Known 


Crow 




Crew, R. 


Crowed 


Grow 




Grew 


Grown 


Strow 




S trowed 


Strown, R. 


Throw 




Threw, R. 


Thrown, R: 



HAZEN'S PRACTICAL GRAMMAR. 



95 



Present Tense. 

Load 

Clothe 

Rot 

Do 

Choose 

Come 

Hew 

Run 

Fly 



Indefinite Past Tense. 

Loaded 

Clothed 

Rotted 

Did 

Chose 

Came 

Hewed 

Ran 

Flew 



Perfect Participle. 

Laden, R. 
Clad, R. 
Rotten, R. 
Done 
Chosen 
Come 
Hewn, R. 
Run 
Flown 



DEFECTIVE VERBS. 

A defective verb is deficient in some of the principal 
parts common to other verbs. 

All the auxiliary verbs are defective, except do, he, 
have, and will, which are also used as principal verbs. 

LIST OF DEFECTIVE VERBS. 

Present Tense. Indefinite Past Tense. Present Tense. Indefinite Past Tense. 



May 

Can 

Must 

Shall 

Will 



Might 
Could 

Should 
Would 



Quoth 

Wis 

Wit or wot 

Ought 

Beware 



Quoth 
Wist 

Wot 



Beware is used only in the imperative mode. Wis, Wist, 
which signifies to think, or to imagine, is obsolete, although it 
is sometimes met with in the Scriptures. Wot is also used in 
the Scriptures, and to wit, the infinitive present, is frequently 
employed to introduce an enumeration of particulars; as, I 
bought six animals; to wit, one horse, two cows, and three 
sheep. Quoth is obsolete except in poetry and burlesque. It 
does not vary its form, and is chiefly used in the third person 
with the nominative following it ; as, quoth he. 



96 



HAZEN'S PRACTICAL GRAMMAR. 



IMPERSONAL VERBS. 

Some verbs are used with the pronoun it, to express 
some action or state, without reference to any particular 
agent. Verbs used in this manner are called impersonal 
verbs. 

Me is sometimes prefixed to the verb. In such case 
me is the agent of the verb, notwithstanding its objective 
form. 

Examples for Parsing and Imitation. 

It rains. It behoveth. Methinks. 

It snowed. It will become. Methought. 

It will thunder. It irketh. Meseemed. 



THE ADVERB. 

An adverb is a word added to a verb, participle, ad- 
jective, and sometimes to another adverb, to modify the 
import of the verbal form or phrase. 

COMPARISON OF ADVERBS. 

Some adverbs are varied to express comparison. 
Such have three degrees of comparison; namely, the 
positive, the comparative, and the superlative. 

Adverbs are compared by adding to the positive er 
for the comparative, and est for the superlative ; or by 
prefixing more or less to form the comparative, and most 
or least to form the superlative. 



HAZEN'S 

PRACTICAL GRAMMAR 



AND 



INTRODUCTION TO COMPOSITION. 



PART II. 



THE ADVERB. 

An adverb is a word added to a verb, participle, ad- 
jective, and sometimes to another adverb, to modify the 
import of the verbal form or phrase. 

COMPARISON OF ADVERBS. 

Some adverbs are varied to express comparison. Such 
have three degrees of comparison ; namely, the positive, 
the comparative, and the superlative. 

Adverbs are compared by adding to the positive er 
for the comparative, and est for the superlative ; or by 
prefixing more or less, to form the comparative, and most 
or least, to form the superlative. 



98 



HAZEN'S PRACTICAL GRAMMAR. 



COMPARISON BY ER AND EST. 

Positive. Comparative. Superlative. 

Near Nearer Nearest 

Soon Sooner Soonest 

Late Later Latest 

Fast Faster Fastest 



BY MORE AND MOST, LESS AND LEAST. 

Positive. Comparative. Superlative. 

Bravely More bravely 

Swiftly More swiftly 

Carefully Less carefully 

Fervently Less fervently 



Most bravely 
Most swiftly 
Least carefully 
Least fervently 



IRREGULAR COMPARISON. 

Positive Comparative. Superlative. 

Well Better Best 

Badly or ill Worse Worst 

Little Less Least 

Much More Most 

RULES OF SYNTAX. 

Adverbs qualify verbs. 
Adverbs qualify participles. 
Adverbs qualify adjectives. 
Adverbs qualify adverbs. 

CLASSIFICATION OF ADVERBS. 
Adverbs may be divided into eight classes ; namely, 

1. Of manner or quality. 5. Of doubt. 

2. Of degree or quantity. 6. Of affirmation. 

3. Of place. 7. Of negation. 

4. Of time. 8. Of means or cause. 



HAZEN'S PRACTICAL GRAMMAR. 



99 



1. ADVERBS OF MANNER OR QUALITY. 

Nearly all of the adverbs of this class are formed by 
affixing ly to adjectives. 

Examples for Parsing and Imitation. 

I sleep soundly. We hear attentively. 

You sit patiently. You stay obligingly. 

The horse stands quietly. Interests clash vexatiously. 

The exiles were repining miserably. 

The workmen were laboring industriously. 

The class have been studying diligently. 

The lady had been weeping bitterly. 

Your barber cuts hair fashionably. 
Mariners have safely traversed vast oceans. 
Some clergymen exhort sinners zealously. 
The physician had treated his patient skilfully. 

Those lawyers are earnestly defending their clients. 
The lecturer is treating the subject scientifically. 
That fisherman has been catching fish adroitly. 
The young people are spending the evening agreeably. 

The careless servant was severely chastised. 

The surgical operation was dexterously performed. 

The painting will be tastefully executed. 

The offence was given undesignedly 

EXAMPLES OF PARSING. 
/ sleep soundly. 
I sleep soundly is an example of the intransitive form. 
Soundly is an adverb of manner, and qualifies sleep. 
Rule. Adverbs qualify verbs. 

The addition of an adverb to a sentence has no influence in 
chan<nn£ the form of construction. 



100 



HAZEN'S PRACTICAL GRAMMAR. 



2. ADVERBS OF DEGREE. 

Adverbs of degree may be subdivided as follows, 

1. Into those of abundance or excess; as, much, too, very, 
greatly, far, besides; chiefly, principally, mainly, generally; 
entirely, full, fully, completely, perfectly ; wholly, totally, alto- 
gether, all, quite, clear, stark ; exceedingly, excessively, intoler- 
ably, immeasurably, inconceivably, infinitely; enough, suffi- 
ciently, equally, remarkably ; how, however, howsoever, so. 

2. Into those of deficiency or abatement ; as, little, scarcely, 
hardly, merely, barely, only, but, partly, particularly, nearly, 
almost, somewhat. 

Examples for Parsing and Imitation. 

The officers arrived rather too late. 

The army should proceed more cautiously. 

The company have assembled much too early. 

The cars are moving remarkably fast. 

The lads have been working very steadily. 

The work was progressing most prosperously. 



EXAMPLES OF PARSING. 
The officers arrived rather too late. 
The officers arrived rather too late, is an example of the 
intransitive form. 

Rather is an adverb of degree and qualifies too. 

Rule. Adverbs qualify adverbs. 

Too is an adverb, and qualifies late. 

Rule. Adverbs qualify adverbs. 

Late is an adverb of time, and qualifies arrived. 

Rule. Adverbs qualify verbs. 

The army should proceed more cautiously. 
The army should proceed more cautiously, is an exam- 
ple of the intransitive form. 



HAZEL'S PRACTICAL GRAMMAR. 101 

The poor beast is exceedingly thirsty. 

The old man was excessively penurious. 

The young man has been stark mad. 

Our prospects will become decidedly better. 

The dealer had been sufficiently cautious. 

The young ladies have been singularly prudish. 

A truly good man worships God. 

My father owns much well improved land. 

My pupils have learned their lessons decidedly better. 

These divines are advocating sentiments totally different. 

My mother was expecting a likeness critically correct. 

A hideously ugly man has been watching our movements. 

Nearly every man was slain. 

A surprisingly huge bear has been taken. 

The atrociously wicked man should be apprehended. 

An eminently successful preacher has been engaged. 

3. ADVERBS OF PLACE. 

Adverbs of place may be subdivided as follows, 
1. Into those of the place in which ; as, where, here, there, 
yonder, above, below, about, around; somewhere, anywhere, 
elsewhere, everywhere, nowhere, within, without, whereabout, 
hereabout, thereabout. 



More cautiously is an adverb of manner, in the com- 
parative degree, and qualifies should proceed. 

Rule. Adverbs qualify verbs. 

More is the adverb of degree in the above example, and it 
might be parsed separately as such, qualifying cautiously. But 
more and most, less and least are established means of regular 
comparison both of the adjective and adverb, and are therefore 
generally parsed with the words which they qualify, as in the 
above formula. 



102 



HAZEN'S PRACTICAL GRAMMAR. 



2. Into those of the place to which ; as, whither, hither, 
thither ; in, up, down, back, forth, inward, upward, downward, 
backward, forward. 

Where, here, and there are used for whither, hither, and thither in 
conversation and familiar writing. 

3. Into those of the place from which ; as, hence, whence, 
thence, away, off, out. 

4. Into those of the order of place ; as first, secondly, &c. 

Examples for Parsing and Imitation. 

I am here. Where am I ? 

Thou art there. Art thou here ? 

The youth is yonder. Must I go first ? 

The doctor is within. Can your son run about ? 

God is everywhere present. 
Clouds are nowhere visible. 
Thence the prospect was sublime. 
Here the landscape was beautiful. 

Turn back our nature's rapid tide. 

Hither will I direct my steps. 

The huckster is bringing in some vegetables. 

The carman has been carrying down furniture. 

The kite was wafted upward. 
These goods have been secreted somewhere. 
The young man may be enticed away. 
The ship has been driven ashore. 



EXAMPLES OF PARSING. 
Where am I ? 
Where am I? is an example of the intransitive form, 
and interrogative position. 

Where is an adverb of place, and qualifies am. 
Rule. Adverbs qualify verbs. 



hazen's practical grammar. 103 



4. ADVERBS OF TIME. 

Adverbs of time may be subdivided as follows, 

1. Into those of time present; as, now, to-day, yet. 

2. Into those of time past ; as, already, lately, recently, 
anciently, before, yesterday, hitherto, heretofore, long since, 
long ago. 

3. Into those of time to come ; as, to-morrow, not yet, here- 
after, henceforth, by and by, soon, erelong, presently, instantly, 
immediately, straightway. 

4. Into those of time absolute; as always, ever, never, eter- 
nally, perpetually. 

5. Into those of time repeated ; oft, often, again, occasional- 
ly, frequently, sometimes, seldom, rarely, now and then, daily, 
weekly, monthly, yearly, once, twice, &c. 

6. Into those of order of time ; as, first, secondly, thirdly, &c. 

Examples for Parsing and Imitation. 

Has my son yet returned ? 
That high functionary has long been popular. 
This good man has long since been dead. 
Can a spendthrift ever become wealthy ? 

This way is never a tedious route. 

By and by this man will be president. 

That gentleman has once been a judge. 

Will this politician finally be our chief magistrate ? 

We sometimes apprehend danger. 

Hitherto the Lord hath helped us. 

I have repeatedly seen the menagerie. 

The professor will soon have finished his lecture. 

Will the sale be held to-morrow ? 

Will the journal be published monthly ? 

The case has not yet been settled. 

A suspicious character has been frequently seen. 



104 



HAZEN'S PRACTICAL GRAMMAR. 



5. ADVERBS OF DOUBT. 

Haply, perhaps, peradventure, possibly, perchance. 

Examples for Parsing and Imitation. 

Perhaps he will admit my plea. 
He may, perchance, obtain the ascendency. 
The old man may possibly survive his children. 
Peradventure the hunter may hit the deer. 

6. ADVERBS OF AFFIRMATION. 

Yes, yea, ay, verily, truly, indeed, surely, certainly, really, 
undoubtedly, doubtless, doubtlessly, assuredly. 

Examples for Parsing and Imitation. 

Yes, the author did really succeed. 
The workmen are certainly diligent. 
The letters are undoubtedly genuine. 
Verily, thou art an unjust man. 
Truly, Solomon was a wise man. 

7. ADVERBS OF NEGATION. 

No, nay, not, nowise, not at all. 

Examples for Parsing and Imitation. 

The bill will not pass. 

No, I cannot become a vagabond. 

I will nowise admit disorderly conduct. 

The passengers were not at all injured. 

8. ADVERBS OF MEANS OR CAUSE. 

Why, hereby, thereby, wherefore, therefore, consequently. 

Examples for Parsing and Imitation. 

I will therefore call again. 

"Why is your daughter so diffident? 

Hereby ye shall know them. 

The note was consequently protested. 



HAZEN'S PRACTICAL GRAMMAR. 



105 



THE INTERJECTION. 

An interjection is a word, or a combination of a few 
words, employed to express sudden passion or emotion, 
without having any constructive dependance on other 
words. 

LIST OF THE INTERJECTIONS. 

1. Of joy; eigh! hey! io ! 

2. Of sorrow ; oh ! ah ! alas ! alack ! welladay 

3. Of wonder; heigh! ha! strange! 

4. Of wishing or earnestness ; O ! 

5. Of pain ; oh ! ah ! eh ! 

6. Of contempt ; fudge ! poh ! pshaw ! pish ! tush ! 

7. Of aversion; foh ! fie! off! begone! a vaunt! 

8. Of calling aloud ; ho ! soho ! hollo ! 

9. Of exultation ; aha ! huzza ! hurrah ! heydey ! 

10. Of laughter ; ha ! ha ! ha ! 

11. Of salutation; welcome ! hail ! all hail ! 

12. Of calling attention to ; lo ! behold ! look ! see ! bark ! 

13. Of commanding silence ; hush ! hist ! mum ! 

14. Of surprise ; oh ! ha ! hah ! what ! 

1 5. Of languor ; heigh-ho ! 

16. Of stopping; avast! whoh ! 



Note. — Interjections being used to express sudden feeling rather than 
thought, seldom have a definable meaning. Their use is also so varia- 
able that it is impossible to give them an unexceptionable classification. 
Some significant words, commonly belonging to other classes of words, 
become interjections, when uttered with emotion, and in an unconnected 
manner. 

This part of speech should be u^ed sparingly, both in conversation and 
in writing; as the frequent use of these undefinable exclamations are in- 
dications of thoughtlessness, and weakness of mind. 



106 



hazen's practical grammar. 



APPOSITION. 

Apposition is the addition of a noun or pronoun to 
another noun or pronoun by way of explanation. 

RULE OF SYNTAX. 

A noun or pronoun, added to another noun or pro- 
noun by way of explanation, is in the same case by ap- 
position. 

Examples for Parsing and Imitation. 



Adam, the first man. 
Eve, the first woman. 
Abraham, the patriarch. 
The patriarch, Abraham. 
Moses, the Jewish lawgiver. 
Aaron, the high priest. 
Samson, the Jewish giant. 
David, the psalmist. 
Solomon, the king. 
Elijah, the prophet. 
John, the baptist. 
Paul, the apostle. 



I, Paul. 

St. John, the divine. 
Peter, the hermit. 
Luther, the reformer. 
Wesley, the methodist. 
William, the conquerer. 
Cicero, the Roman orator. 
Cato, the censor. 
Virgil, a Latin poet. 
Bacon, the philosopher. 
Hume, the historian. 
Howard, the philanthropist. 



EXAMPLES OF PARSING. 
Adam, the first man. 

Man is a common noun, masculine gender, singular 
number, third person, nominative case, and in apposi- 
tion with Jjfdam. 

Rule. A noun or pronoun, added to another noun or 
pronoun by way of explanation, is in the same case by 
apposition. 



ii 



HAZEN'S PRACTICAL GRAMMAR. 107 

Examples for Parsing and Imitation. 

Adam, the first man, committed the original sin. 
Moses, the Jewish lawgiver, was a meek man. 
Samson, the Jewish giant, slew many Philistines. 
Solomon, the king, wrote many wise proverbs. 
Elijah, the prophet, was translated. 
John, the baptist, was beheaded. 
Paul, the apostle, wrote many epistles. 
Luther, the reformer, was a fearless man. 
"William, the conquerer, subdued England. 
I, Paul, myself beseech you. 
Edward despatched the letter himself. 
They bid in the property themselves. 

EXAMPLES OF PARSING. 
J, Paul, myself beseech you. 

7, Paul, myself beseech you is an example of the tran- 
sitive form. 

Paul is a proper noun, masculine gender, singular 
number, third person, nominative case, and in apposition 
with I. 

Rule. A noun or pronoun, added to another noun or 
pronoun by way of explanation, is in the same case by 
apposition. 

Myself is a compound personal pronoun, compound- 
ed of my and self singular number, first person, nomi- 
native case, and in apposition with I. 

Himself in the next example, is in apposition with 
Edward. 

Themselves, in the last sentence, is in apposition with 
they. 



108 



hazen's practical grammar. 



THE INDEPENDENT CASE. 

The independent case denotes that the noun or pro- 
noun is free from any constructive dependance on any 
other word. 

RULE OF SYNTAX. 

When a noun or pronoun is free from any constructive 
dependance on any other word, it is in the independent 
case. 

A noun is in the independent case under the four fol- 
lowing circumstances, 

1. When used in direct address. 

Examples for Parsing and Imitation. 

Charles, you should retire. 

Where are your garden implements, my son? 

My daughter, have you been studious to-day? 

"Will you be a good boy, Henry? 

Brother, father has purchased a fine horse. 

Mr. Editor, has any fresh news been received ? 

EXAMPLES OF PARSING. 
Charles, you should retire. 

Charles is a proper noun, singular number, second 
person, and independent case. 

Rule. When a noun or pronoun is free from any 
constructive dependance on any other word, it is in the 
independent case. 

The words which are here said to be in the independent case, 
are usually parsed by grammarians as in the nominative case 
independent. The change is an improvement which must be 
obvious to every good grammarian. 



HAZEN'S PRACTICAL GRAMMAR. 109 



2. When introduced abruptly for the sake of emphasis, 
by a figure of speech called pleonasm. 

Examples for Parsing and Imitation. 

Our fathers, where are they? 

The prophets, do they live forever ? 

My friends, they have deserted me. 

Our country, may she be forever free. 

The clergy, may they be holy men. 

The sword, may it become a ploughshare. 

3. When used by mere exclamation, without words, 
expressed or understood, on which it may depend. 

Examples for Parsing and Imitation. 

Oh ! the intolerably hard times. 
Oh ! the future judgement. 
Ah ! the excruciating pain. 
Alas ! the poor Indian. 
Alas ! my unfortunate brother. 

4. When used independently with a participial phrase. 

Examples for Parsing and Imitation. 

The officers having fallen, the soldiers gave way. 
The axe being dull, the wood-cutter exerted more strength. 
The teacher being a surly man, the pupils did not like him. 
The old gentleman having finished the kite, the boys were 

greatly delighted. 
The ship having been fully laden, the captain immediately set 

sail. 

The last four examples have been introduced here for the 
sake of affording an entire view of the independent case: but, 
as the pupil is not yet prepared to understand them, they should 
be passed over for the present. 

10 



110 



HAZEN'S PRACTICAL GRAMMAR. 



THE PREPOSITION. 

Prepositions serve to connect phrases to the verbal 
forms of construction, and to other phrases. 

LIST OF PREPOSITIONS. 



Of 


In 


Towards 


Past 


From 


Into 


About 


Between 


On 


At 


Round 


Betwixt 


Upon 


By 


Around 


Up 


Over 


With 


Beside 


Down 


Above 


Within 


Besides 


Off 


Before 


Without 


Amid 


For 


Behind 


Through 


Amidst 


Out of 


After 


Throughout 


Among 


Instead of 


Below 


To 


Amongst 


Since 


Under 


Unto 


Across 


Till 


Beneath 


Against 


Athwart 


Until 


Underneath 


Toward 


Beyond 


But 


A few other 


words which 


are commonly 


regarded as prepo 


sitions, will be 


explained hereafter. 





RULES OF SYNTAX. 

Prepositions connect prepositive phrases to the verbal 
forms and to other phrases. 

Prepositions govern the objective case. 

Note. — In nearly every grammar, a preposition is said to connect 
words together, and to show the relation between them. The author 
of this work has differed considerably in his definition of this port of 
speech : but he presumes that grammarians will acknowledge its accura- 
cy, after hiving can ful v examined the prepositive phrases in connection 
with the verbal forms, in the pages which immediately follow. 



HAZEN'S PRACTICAL GRAMMAR. Ill 

THE PHRASES. 

A phrase is a single participle, or an assemblage of 
words attached to a verbal form of construction, or to 
another phrase or independent word. 

CLASSIFICATION OF PHRASES. 

There are five kinds of phrases; namely, the preposi- 
tive, the participial, the gerundive, the prepositive gerun- 
dive, and the infinitive. 

PREPOSITIVE PHRASES. 

Prepositive phrases begin with a preposition, and com- 
monly end with a noun, or a substitute for a noun, gov- 
erned by the preposition. 



Note. — Nearly all the prepositive phrases have the nature of adverbs ; 
and had it not been for a few cases where they are not so, they would 
have been denominated adverbial phrases. Their similarity or identity 
is exhibited by the following examples ; — 

The young ladies write accurately. 

The young ladies write with accuracy. 

Where does your son reside? 

In what place, does your son reside? 

Hitherto the Lord has helped us. 

To this moment, the Lord hath helped us. 

The letters are undoubtedly genuine. 

The letters are, without doubt, genuine. 
Prepositive phrases, thus modifying the import of the verbal forms and 
other phrases like adverbs, might, in most cases, be parsed as qualifying 
| certain words like adverbs ; but, because a rule to this effect would not 
be always applicable, it has been thought preferable to say that the prep- 
osition connects the phrase to some word in the verbal form or phrase. 
When the phrase has adverbial power, it should be connected in parsing 
to the very word which, as an adverb, it would qualify. In other cases, 
it should be connected to the word on which it manifestly depends. 



112 



HAZEN'S PRACTICAL GRAMMAR. 



PHRASES BEGINNING WITH OF OR FROM. 

Of my studies From good wool 

Of ancient Rome From experience 

Of consumm te prudence From this audience 

Of St. Paul From these premises 

Examples for Parsing and Imitation. 

I am very fond ' of my studies. 
Numa was the fourth king ' of ancient Rome. 
Washington was a man ' of consummate prudence. 
I have carefully read the epistles ' of St. Paul. 



EXAMPLES OF PARSING. 
/ am very fond ' of my studies. 

I am very fond — Intransitive post-adjective form. 

Of my studies — Prepositive phrase. 

Of is a preposition, and connects the phrase, of my 
studies, to the adjective fond. 

Rule. Prepositions connect prepositive phrases to 
the verbal forms and to other phrases. 

Studies is a common noun, neuter gender, plural 
number, third person, objective case, and governed 
by of. 

Rule. Prepositions govern the objective case. 



Note. — To aid in establishing in the minds of learners the distinction 
between the verbal forms and phrases, they should be required to lay off 
the sentences or paragraphs by verbal form and phrase, as in the above 
formula. This can be expeditiously done by pausing while reading it at 
the end of each division, and telling to what verbal form or phrase it 
may belong. In each example for illustration, the division is marked by 
an apostrophe, which is turned towards the phrase that immediately fol- 
lows or piecedes it. 



HAZEN'S PRACTICAL GRAMMAR. 



113 



The cloth has been made ' from good wool. 
The teacher has drawn his rules 'from experience. 
From this audience' a candid investigation is expected. 
From these premises' we may draw this conclusion. 

PHRASES BEGINNING WITH ON. 

On the ground On Saturday last 

On the flute On that occasion 

On the eastern bank On urgent business 

On his honor On her eldest son 

Examples for Parsing and Imitation. 

The hardy soldier sometimes sleeps ' on the ground. 

This musician plays skilfully ' on the flute. 

Troy is situated ' on the eastern bank ' of the Hudson. 

He made the declaration 'on his honor. 

On Saturday last' I visited the insane hospital. 

On that occasion' he displayed great presence ' of mind. 

He then left the city 'on urgent business. 

The lady relied implicitly ' on her eldest son. 

EXAMPLES OF PARSING. 
The cloth was made '■from good wool. 
The cloth was made — Passive form. 
From good wool — Prepositive phrase. 
From is a preposition, and connects the phrase, from 
good wool, to the verb was made. 

Rule. Prepositions connect prepositive phrases to 
the verbal forms, and to other phrases. 
From this audience 1 a candid investigation is expected. 
From this audience — Prepositive phrase. 
A candid investigation is expected — Passive form. 
From is a preposition, and connects the phrase, from 
this audience, to the verb is expected. 



10* 



114 HAZEN'S PRACTICAL GRAMMAR. 

PHRASES BEGINNING WITH UPON. 

Upon one foot Upon certain conditions 

Upon a high mountain Upon our repentance 

Upon a bold enterprise Upon the settlers 

Upon mortgage Upon his good behavior 

Examples for Parsing and Imitation. 

The boy stood ' upon one foot. 
The gentlemen sat ' upon a high mountain. 
That officer has gone ' upon a bold enterprise. 
The gentleman can borrow money ' upon mortgage. 
Upon certain conditions' the favor was granted. 
Upon our repentance' we expect forgiveness. 
The savages came suddenly ' upon the settlers. 
The young man was put 'upon his good behavior. 

PHRASES BEGINNING WITH OVER. 

Over the broad river Over night 

Over many things Over the way 

Over all his works Over his foes 

Over the race ground Over our difficulties 

Examples for Parsing and Imitation. 

The gull is flying ' over the broad river. 

I will make thee ruler ' over many things. 

His tender mercies are ' over all his works. 

The horses must be daily rode 'over the race ground. 

The good lady prepared breakfast 'over night. 

The orphan asylum is situated ' over the way. 

That persecuted man has finally triumphed ' over his foes. 

"We have at length got ' over our difficulties. 

PHRASES BEGINNING WITH ABOVE. 

Above his head Above disguise 

Above my reach Above my comprehension 

Above a week Above merdian brightness 

Above twenty feet Above measure 



HAZEN'S PRACTICAL GRAMMAR. 115 

Examples for Parsing and Imitation, 

He saw a sword ! above his head. 

This station is 'above my reach. 

My father was sick ' above a week. 

The water rose 'above twenty feet. 

This politician is ' above disguise. 

This phenomenon is ' above my comprehension. 

The light shone 'above meridian brightness. 

St. Paul was in stripes ' above measure. 

PHRASES BEGINNING WITH BEFORE OR BEHIND. 

Before his desk Behind his desk 

Before daylight Behind the rest 

Before the rest Behind the times 

Before the world Behind their back 

Examples for Parsing and Imitation. 

The clerk was standing ' before his desk. 

The stage will start ' before daylight. 

This traveller advanced ' before the rest. 

The man now stands ' before the world' a criminal. 

The clerk was standing ' behind his desk. 

This traveller lagged ' behind the rest. 

That school-book is ' behind the times. 

The pilgrims cast the world ' behind their backs. 

PHRASES BEGINNING WITH BELOW OR AFTER. 

Below par After sunrise 

Below its value After other gods 

Below stairs After the flesh 

Below the stars After his daughter 

Examples for Parsing and Imitation. 

The money of that bank is ' below par. 
The property was sold 'below its value. 
Your old crony is 'below stairs. 
We inhabit a region ' below the stars. 



116 



HAZEN'S PRACTICAL GRAMMAR. 



The steam-boat starts soon ' after sunrise. 

Ye shall not go ' after other gods. 

Ye should not walk ' afier the flesh. 

The gentleman will soon be here 'after his daughter. 

PHRASES BEGINNING WITH UNDER. 

Under their umbrellas Under a false impression 



Under foreign governors 



Under severe mifor tunes 
Under severe penalties 
Under consideration 



Under clear water 
Under the regular price 

Examples for Parsing and Imitation. 

The people stood 'under their umbrellas. 

The province has been ' under foreign governors. 

We can see objects ' under clear water. 

The goods will be sold ' under the regular price. 

Your mind lies ' under a false impression. 

Your friend has labored ' under severe misfortunes. 

The crime has been forbidden ' under severe penalties. 

The senate has the subject ' under consideration. 

PHRASES BEGINNING WITH BENEATH OR UNDERNEATH. 



Underneath this stone 
Underneath the surface 
Underneath this covering 
Underneath these blankets 



Beneath the ice 
Beneath your station 
Beneath oppression 
Beneath a heavy burden 

Examples for Parsing and Imitation, 

Beneath the ice' flows a crystal stream. 
Such views are ' beneath- your station. 
The people are groaning ' beneath oppression. 
The camel rose 'beneath a heavy burden. 

Underneath this stone' lie his remains. 
The mole makes his way ' underneath the surface. 
There is something mysterious ' underneath this covering. 
We may sleep comfortably ' underneath these blankets. 



HAZEM'S PRACTICAL GRAMMAR. 117 

PHRASES BEGINNING WITH IN. 

In this house In truth 

In great trouble In the winter 

In due time In a thousand 

In your coffee In excellent health 

Examples for Parsing and Imitation. 

The governor resides ' in this house. 
I found my friends ' in great trouble. 
Your letter was received ' in due time. 
Will you have more cream ' in your coffee ? 
I would make this declaration ' in truth. 
Such studies should be pursued ' in the winter. 
AVe cannot answer ' for one sin ' in a thousand. 
I left my family ' in excellent health. 

PHRASES BEGINNING WITH INTO. 

Into this house Into thy presence 

Into great trouble Into good hands 

Into your coffee Into several farms 

Into the post office Into many explanations 

Examples for Parsing and Imitation. 

The governor has just gone 'into this house. 
He plunged his friends 'into great trouble. 
Shall I pour more cream 'into your coffee? 
I have put my letter ' into the post office. 
We will come 'into thy presence. 
The property has fallen 'into good hands. 
The tract may be divided 'into several farms. 
The orator entered ' into many explanations. 

PHRASES BEGINNING WITH AT. 

At the front door At a mark 

At our first interview At his ease 

At all events At will 

At a great sacrifice At sight 



118 



HAZEN'S PRACTICAL GRAMMAR. 



Examples for Parsing and Imitation, 

There is a stranger 'at the front door. 

This proposition was made ' at our first interview. 

At all events' you should be there 'at the proper time. 

My neighbor sold his farm ' at a great sacrifice. 

The rifle company were shooting 'at a mark. 

This gentleman lives ' at his ease ' in the state ' of Ohio. 

The estate can be converted ' into cash ' at will. 

The banker will pay the draft ' at sight. 

PHRASES BEGINNING WITH BY, 

By a warm fire By night 

By moon light By speculation 

By the sheep-fold By the ship-load 

By the sleepy watchman By that fine plantation 

Examples for Parsing and Imitation. 

The company were seated ' by a warm fire. 

The hunting party could find their way ' by moonlight. 

The wild beast passed ' by the sheep-fold ' in the night. 

The thief crept slyly ' by the sleepy watchman. 

The body was stolen away ' by night. 

Many fortunes have been gained 'by speculation. 

This merchant sends tobacco ' to Bremen ' by the ship-load. 

How came this man 'by that fine plantation? 

PHRASES BEGINNING WITH WITH. 

With a steel pen With good advice 

With my rustic cane With me 

With intense pain With the secret 

With severe adversity With any man 

Examples for Parsing and Imitation. 

The lady writes beautifully ' with a steel pen. 

I am much pleased ' with my rustic cane. 

I have been afflicted ' with intense pain ' in the side. 

He has struggled long 'with severe adversity. 



hazen's practical grammar. 



119 



The missionary gave ' to me' a bible ' with good advice. 
This gentleman travelled ' with me ' from New York. 
The lady has entrusted me 'with the secret. 
This gamester can play chess ' with any man. 

PHRASES BEGINNING WITH WITHIN OR WITHOUT. 

Within his park Without hard labor 

Within their means Without any apparent means 

Within a league Without a book 

Within a month Without our reach 

Examples for Parsing and Imitation. 

The noble lord keeps his deer ' within his park. 
Prudent persons live ' within their means. 
The city is 'within a league 'from this place. 
I may be ' in Philadelphia ' within a month. 

Some persons can live ' without hard labor. 
Many persons subsist ' without any apparent means. 
This pupil frequently comes here ' without a book. 
Such attainments lie ' without our reach. 

PHRASES BEGINNING WITH THROUGH OR THROUGHOUT. 

Through the air Throughout Europe 

Through fear Throughout these proceedings 

Through thy truth Throughout the war 

Through the empire Throughout the long winter 

Examples for Parsing and Imitation. 

The birds flit beautifully ' through the air. 
The cowardly thief trembled ' through fear. 
Sanctify them ' through thy truth. 
The emperor travelled ' through the empire. 

These principles prevail ' throughout Europe. 

Tyranny has been manifest ' throughout these proceedings. 

This company has served ' throughout the war. 

He was confined to the house ' throughout the long winter. 



120 



HAZEN'S PRACTICAL GRAMMAR. 



PHRASES BEGINNING WITH TO. 

To the water's edge To ourselves 

To a good trade To a fault 

To a friend To his ruin 

To your faith To the life 

Examples for Parsing and Imitation. 

The line 'of the lot' extends 'to the water's edge. 

The widow bound her son ' to a good trade. 

These letters were addressed ' to a friend. 

Add ' to your faith' virtue. 

We may sometimes keep our thoughts 'to ourselves. 

The sailor is commonly generous ' to a fault. 

The youth has been lured ' to his ruin. 

The gentleman has been painted ' to the life. 

PHRASES BEGINNING WITH UNTO OR AGAINST. 

Unto" thee Against the wall 

Unto them Against reason 

Unto mount Sion Against every man 

Unto the place Against winter 

Examples for Parsing and Imitation. 

Unto thee' will I direct my prayer. 
The Lord Jesus said 'unto tbem. 
Ye are come ' unto Mount Sion. 
We are journeying ' unto the place. 

The spade stands ' against the wall. 
The law is sometimes ' against reason. 
His hand is ' against every man. 
The bee lays up honey ' against winter. 

PHRASES BEGINNING WITH TOWARD, TOWARDS, OR ABOUT. 

Toward the wilderness About the pasture 

Toward his brethren About a warm stove 

Towards fifteen years About their business 

Towards home About the trunk 



HAZEN'S PRACTICAL GRAMMAR. 121 

Examples for Parsing and Imitation. 

He set his face ' toward the wilderness. 
Joseph had no evil eye ' toward his brethren. 
The family remained there ' towards fifteen years. 
The horses turned their heads ' towards home. 
The colts capered ' about the pasture. 
The guests sat ' about a warm stove. 
The workmen then went ' about their business. 
The tree will measure three feet ' about the trunk. 

PHRASES BEGINNING WITH ROUND, AROUND, <frc 

Round the district Amid the clouds 

Round his adversary Amid the leaves 

Around a plentiful table Amidst the wheat 

Around the travellers Amidst his people 

Examples for Parsing and Imitation. 

The teacher boarded 'round the district. 

The lawyer got 'round his adversary. 

The family sat 'around a plentiful table. 

The villagers gathered ' around the traveller. 

The eagle can soar ' amid the clouds. 

The apples hang thick ' amid the leaves. 

Tares grow ' amidst the wheat. 

That clergyman lives happily ' amidst his people. 

PHRASES BEGINNING WITH BESIDE OR BESIDES. 

Beside his father Besides this farm 

Beside the fence Besides these boys 

Beside its mother Besides this man 

Beside himself Besides these sums 

Examples for Parsing and Imitation. 

The young Indian stood ' beside his father. 
The drunken man was lying ' beside the fence. 
The infant was laid ' in the grave ' beside its mother. 
The poor man is ' beside himself. 






11 



122 HAZEN'S PRACTICAL GRAMMAR. 

The widow possesses much property ' besides this farm. 
There were other persons 'in the scrape 'besides these boys. 
No individual was seen there 'besides this man. 
The drover owes the bank much money ' besides this sum. 

PHRASES BEGINNING WITH AMONG, AMONGST, $c 

Among all his foes Across the heavens 

Among a thousand Across the street 

Amongst the savages Across the road 

Amongst lofty trees Athwart our course 

Examples for Parsing and Imitation. 

Among all his foes' this man was the most inveterate. 
This man is one ' among a thousand. 
This artist spent many years ' amongst the savages. 
Slim saplings grow ' amongst lofty trees. 

Across the street' you may find a magistrate. 
A meteor shot ' across the heavens. 
A high fence was made ' across the road. 
A piratical vessel came 'athwart our course. 

PHRASES BEGINNING WITH BEYOND OR PAST. 

Beyond the mark Past our house 

Beyond my reach Past the old church 

Beyond human power Past all hope 

Beyond a doubt Past twelve ' o'clock 

Examples for Parsing and Imitation. 

Your estimate is ' beyond the mark. 
This station is evidently 'beyond my reach. 
This work is certainly ' beyond human power. 
These facts have been established 'beyond a doubt. 

The menagerie went ' past our house. 
You will find his residence ' past the old church. 
The patient is ' past all hope ' of recovery. 
It is now ' past twelve ' o'clock. 



HAZEN'S PRACTICAL GRAMMAR. 123 

PHRASES BEGINNING WITH BETWEEN OR BETWIXT. 

Between his eyes Betwixt his eyes 

Between those hills Betwixt those hills 

Between the two men Betwixt the two men 

Between these two periods Betwixt the two periods 

Examples for Parsing and Imitation. 

His nose is placed ' between his eyes. 

Much good land lies ' between those hills. 

A quarrel took place ' between the two men. 

Few important events occurred 'between these two periods. 

His nose is placed ' betwixt his eyes. 

Much good land lies ' betwixt those hills. 

A quarrel took place ' betwixt the two men. 

Few important events occurred ' betwixt the two periods. 

PHRASES BEGINNING WITH UP OR DOWN. 

Up town Down town 

Up the stream Down the stream 

Up the country Down the country 

Up a tree Down the prairie 

Examples for Parsing and Imitation, 

The procession went ' up town. 
The steam-boat is forced ' up the stream. 
The turnpike road extends 'up the country. 
The opossum has gone ' up a tree. 
The procession will go 'down town. 
The raft will float ' down the stream. 
The army has gone 'down the country. 
The buffaloes have fled down ' the prairie. 

PHRASES BEGINNING WITH FOB. 

For the bronchitis For every man 

For many months For joy 

For a future period For an education 

For a malefactor For many stockholders 



124 HAZEN'S PRACTICAL GRAMMAR. 

Examples for Parsing and Imitation. 

The medicine is good ' for the bronchitis. 

The whole nation was agitated ' for many months. 

The measure was reserved ' for a future period. 

He was condemned ' for a malefactor. 

He tasted death ' for every man. 

The whole audience wept * for joy. 

The youth went c to college ' for an education. 

The president was proxy ' for many stockholders. 

PHRASES BEGINNING WITH OFF, SINCE, TILL, OR UNTIL. 

Off their guard Since last year 

Off my horse Till evening 

Off this lake Until the fourth century 

Off the premises Until daylight 

Examples for Parsing and Imitation. 

The Indians were caught ' off their guard. 

I have not been ' off my horse ' for several hours. 

This family resides somewhere ' off this lake. 

The landlord warned his tenant ' off the premises. 

That clergyman has not been here ' since last year. 

He shall be unclean ' till evening. 

This opinion prevailed 'until the fourth century. 

We cannot learn our exact position ' until daylight. 

PHRASES BEGINNING WITH OUT OF, INSTEAD OF, OR BUT. 

Out of cast steel Instead of friends 

Out of the woods Jnstead of his son 

Out of pure love Instead of specie 

Out of the common fund But one regiment 

Examples for Parsing and Imitation. 

These knives are made ' out of cast-steel. 
This young man has lately come ' out of the woods. 
Good parents chastise their children ' out of pure love. 
The demand will be paid ' out of the common fund. 



HAZEN'S PRACTICAL GRAMMAR. 



125 



Instead of friends' he has found enemies. 
The father went 'into the army 'instead of his son. 
The government pays bank paper ' instead of specie. 
The soldiers have all gone ' but one regiment. 



THE ADVERB.— Resumed. 

Many of the words which have been applied as prep- 
ositions in the prepositive phrases, are also adverbs, when 
used without a subsequent word which it may govern. 

Examples for Parsing and Imitation.* 

This measure has been frequently spoken of. 

These benevolent precepts came from above. 

The water issues from ' beneath a rock. 

The narrator went on ■ without interruption. 

The company travelled on pleasantly. 

The fugitive had on an old blue coat. 

The clergyman was called upon early ' in the morning. 

The property has been handed over ' to the sheriff. 

The author read over the proof-sheets ' with care. 

The poor man's troubles are now over. 

The hunters will not soon give over the chase. 

Why have you not called ' on us' before. 

The two lads are walking behind. 

The case has been tried ' in a court' below. 

I fell in ' with a man ' on the road ' to Baltimore. 

The captain has taken in a large cargo. 

The joke was most heartily laughed at. 

I will attend ' to these matters' by and by. 

There was no other person by ' at this time, 

Good woman, is the blacksmith within ? 

I have not yet read the work through. 

The coat was woven ' from the top' throughout. 



IV 



126 



HAZEN'S PRACTICAL GRAMMAR. 



I have often been spoken to ' on the subject. 
This way is everywhere spoken against. 
The sand was scattered about ' by the wind. 
The stranger will look round ' for a short time. 
The spy went round ' about the camp. 
The carriage will be sent up to-morrow. 
For this purpose' have I raised thee up. 
That steam-boat went down yesterday. 
The mob was put down 'by the military. 
Sir, will you take off your boots ? 
You must not cut off the tops ' of the plants. 
The idle boy has gone off ' to his play. 
The sheet comes off very clean. 
The gun went off unexpectedly. 



PARTICIPIAL PHRASES. 

A participial phrase is a single participle, or a parti- 
ciple, and some other part or parts of speech intimately 
associated with it. 

RULES OF SYNTAX. 

Participles belong to nouns. 

Transitive participles govern the objective case. 

The participles of those verbs which admit of a case 
both before and after them, retain the latter, when the 
word to which the participle belongs refers to the same 
thing. 

.CLASSIFICATION OF PARTICIPIAL PHRASES. 

Participial phrases are divided into intransitive, in- 
transitive post-adjective, intransitive post-substantive, 
transitive, and passive. 



HAZEN'S PRACTICAL GRAMMAR. 127 

INTRANSITIVE PHRASES. 

The essential element of an intransitive phrase is an 
intransitive participle. 

IMPERFECT PARTICIPLE. 

Grazing Sleeping soundly 

Walking Blossoming beautifully 

Advancing Ruling prudently 

Retreating Blustering pompously 

Examples for Parsing and Imitation, 

The lads found the horses 'grazing. 

I have often seen the gentleman ' walking. 

The militia ' advancing' met the Indians ' retreating. 

Here is a workman ' sleeping soundly. 

There is a plant 'blossoming beautifully. 

A king 'ruling prudently' may be popular. 

The landlord 'blustering pompously' entered the room. 



EXAMPLES OF PARSING. 
The lads found the horses ' grazing. 

The lads found the horses — Transitive form. 

Grazing — Participial phrase, (intransitive.) 

Grazing is an imperfect participle, from the verb 
graze, and belongs to horses. 

Rule. Participles belong to nouns. 

Here is a workman ''sleeping soundly. 

Here is a workman — Intransitive form. 

Sleeping — Participial phrase, (intransitive.) 

Sleeping is an imperfect participle, from the verb 
sleep, and belongs to workman. 

Rule. Participles belong to nouns. 

Soundly is an adverb, and qualifies sleeping. 

Rule. Adverbs qualify participles. 



128 HAZEN'S PRACTICAL GRAMMAR. 

PRIOR PERFECT PARTICIPLE. 

Having been there Having spoken too long 

Having dined Having rested well 

Having been Having retreated 

Having walked too far Having voted 

Examples for Parsing and Imitation. 

Having been there' he knew the condition ' of things. 
Having dined' the gentleman pursued his journey. 
The lady ' having been ' to church' is very serious. 
The invalid 'having walked too far' retired early. 
Having spoken too long' the orator was much fatigued. 
The patient 'having rested well' felt much better. 
The Indians ' having retreated' to a wood ' awaited our approach. 
The people 4 having voted* returned to their homes. 

INTRANSITIVE POST-ADJECTIVE PHRASE. 

The essential elements of the intransitive post-adjec- 
tive phrase, are an intransitive participle, commonly de- 
rived from the verb to be, and an adjective. 

IMPERFECT PARTICIPLE. 

Being hungry Being conceited 

Being very poor Being beautiful 

Being angry Being obnoxious 

Being industrious Being idle 

Examples for Parsing and Imitation. 

The traveller ' being hungry' called ' at an inn ' for dinner. 
Being very poor' he lived ' by daily labor. 

EXAMPLES OF PARSING. 

The traveller t being hungry 1 called l at an inn 'for 
dinner. 

The traveller called — Intransitive form. 



HAZEN'S PRACTICAL GRAMMAR. 



129 



The stranger 'being angry' acted improperly. 

Being industrious' he will soon acquire a competency. 

The young man ' being conceited' overrated his own powers. 

Being beautiful' the lady will be presumptuous. 

Being obnoxious' to the government' he left the country. 

The pupil ' being idle' cannot improve. 

PRIOR PERFECT PARTICIPLE. 



Having been sick 
Having been idle 
Having been benevolent 
Having been frugal 



Having been improvident 
Having been cowardly 
Having been zealous 
Having been faithful 



Examples for Parsing and Imitation. 

The contractor ' having been sick ' for some time' did not 
fulfil his engagements. 

The young man 'having been idle ' in college' left it 'with 
a poor education. 

Having been benevolent' in prosperity' the gentleman was 
pitied 'in adversity. 

Having been frugal' he left his family ' in comfortable cir- 
cumstances. 

The parents ' having been improvident' left their children 
destitute. 



Being hungry — Participial phrase, (intransitive post- 
adjective.) 

At an inn — Prepositive phrase. 

For dinner — Prepositive phrase. 

Being is an imperfect participle, from the verb to be ; 
and belongs to traveller. 

Rule. Participles belong to nouns. 

Hungry is an adjective, and belongs to traveller. 

Rule. Adjectives belong to nouns. 



130 HAZEN'S PRACTICAL GRAMMAR. 

The officer ' having been cowardly ' in battle ' was cash- 
iered. 

The preacher 'having been zealous' left his station 'in a 
prosperous condition. 

The teacher ' having been faithful ' to his pupils ' was un- 
popular ' with the parents. 

INTRANSITIVE POST-SUBSTANTIVE PARTICIPIAL PHRASE. 

The essential elements of the intransitive post-substan- 
tive participial phrase, are a participle, commonly de- 
rived from the verb to be, and a nominative case follow- 
ing it. 

IMPERFECT PARTICIPLE. 

Being a correct writer Being a vicious animal 

Being a good mechanic Being an eloquent speaker 

Being' a skilful physician Being a thrifty manager 

Being a sensible woman Being a skilful navigator 

Examples for Parsing and Imitation. 

Being a correct writer ' he did not fear criticism. 
Being a good mechanic ' he will acquire a competency. 
Being a skilful physician ' he understood the disease. 
She ' being a sensible woman ' was much respected. 
The horse ' being a vicious animal ' threw his rider. 



EXAMPLES OF PARSING. 

Being a correct writer'' he did not fear criticism. 

Being a correct writer — Participial phrase, (intransi- 
tive post-substantive). 

He did not fear criticism — Transitive form. 

Being is an imperfect participle, and belongs to he. 

Rule. Participles belong to nouns. 

Writer is a common noun, masculine gender, singular 
number, third person, and nominative case after being. 



hazen's practical grammar. 



131 



This clergyman ' being an eloquent speaker ' always com- 
manded a large audience. 

This farmer ' being a thrifty manager ' will fill his house 
' with the necessaries ' of life. 

The captain ' being a skilful navigator ' knew the exact posi- 
tion ' of his vessel. 

PRIOR PERFECT PARTICIPLE. 

Having been a good christian Having been a public officer 
Having been a congressman Having been an invalid 
Having been governor Having been a politician 

Having been a successful mis- Having been an obscure individ- 
sionary ual 

Examples for Parsing and Imitation. 

Having been a good christian ' he did not fear death. 

Having been a congressman ' he understands parliamentary 
usage. 

Having been governor c during a more stormy period ' he 
does not now fear the threats ' of this rebellious faction. 

This clergyman *■ having been a successful missionary ' was 
received ' with great eclat. 

Having been a public officer ' for many years ' he will be 
unfit * for ordinary business. 

Having been an invalid ' she cannot expect a speedy re- 
covery. 

Having been a politician 'from his youth' he is well 
versed ' in party chicanery. 

Having been an obscure individual ' he had not expected 
such promotion. 



Rule. The participles of those verbs which admit of 
a case both before and after them, retain the latter, 
when the word to which the participle belongs, refers 



to the same thing. 



132 HAZEN'S PRACTICAL GRAMMAR. 

TRANSITIVE PARTICIPIAL PHRASE. 

The essential elements of the transitive participial 
phrase, are a transitive participle, and an objective case 
governed by the participle. 

IMPERFECT PARTICIPLE. 

Approaching the wharf Seeing a hawk 

Purloining bacon Viewing a ship 

Reproaching his friends Avoiding evil associates 

Prosecuting his studies While delivering a speech 

Examples for Parsing and Imitation. 

The little girl saw a steam-boat 'approaching the wharf. 
The planter caught a servant 'purloining bacon. 
I have heard the youth 'reproaching his friends. 
The gentleman found his son ' prosecuting his studies. 
The hen ' seeing a hawk ' apprehends danger. 
Seeing a hawk ' the hen apprehends danger. 

EXAMPLES OF PARSING. 
The little girl saw a steam-boat i approaching the wharf. 

The little girl saw a steamboat — Transitive form. 

Approaching the wharf — Participial phrase, (transi- 
tive). • 

Approaching is an imperfect participle, and belongs 
to steam-boat. 

Rule. Participles belong to nouns. 

Wharf is a common noun, neuter gender, singular 
number, third person, objective case, and governed by 
approaching. 

Rule. Transitive participles govern the objective 
case. 



razen's practical grammar. 



133 



The aged sailor ' viewing a ship ' recalls former scenes. 

A youth ' avoiding evil associates ' will escape the contam- 
inations ' of vice. 

This able senator ' while delivering a speech ' fell * to the 
floor 'in an apoplectic fit. 

While delivering a speech' this able senator fell 'to the 
floor ' in an apoplectic fit. 

This able senator fell ' to the floor ' in an apoplectic fit 
' while delivering a speech. 

PRIOR PERFECT PARTICIPLE. 

Having learned his condition Having caught a salmon 

Having stifled his convictions Having built a log cabin 

Having mortgaged his estate Having preached the gospel 

Having made his arrangements Having learned the condition 

Examples for Parsing and Imitation, 

The patient 'having learned his condition' submitted * to 
his fate ' with becoming fortitude. 

Having learned his condition ' he submitted ' to his fate 
' with becoming fortitude. 

This man ' having stifled his convictions ' returned ' to his 
former vices. 

Having stifled his convictions' he returned 'to his former 
vices. 

Charles ' having mortgaged his estate ' engaged ' in uncer- 
tain speculations. 

Having mortgaged his estate ' he engaged 'in uncertain 
speculations. 

The young man ' having made his arrangements ' left his 
native country. 

Having made his arrangements ' he will leave his native 
country. 

The Indian 'having caught a salmon 'from the lake' made 
' from it ' a sumptuous dinner. 



12 



134 HAZEN'S PRACTICAL GRAMMAR. 



The emigrant ' having built a log cabin ' in the summer ' 
removed his family 'to it 'in the fall. 

Having built a log cabin ' in the summer ' he removed his 
family 'to it 'in the fall. 

The apostles ' having preached the gospel ' to the Jews ' 
turned ' to the Gentiles. 

That merchant ' having learned the condition * of his finan- 
ces ' made an assignment. 

PASSIVE PARTICIPIAL PHRASE. 

The essential elements of the passive participial 
phrase, is a passive participle. 

IMPERFECT PARTICIPLE. 

Being caught Being seen 

Being fatigued Being apprised 

Being built Being too much employed 

Being reproached Being engrossed 

Examples for Parsing and Imitation, 

A fish ' being caught ' with a hook ' may be pulled ' out 
of the water. 

The horse ' being fatigued ' would not proceed. 

EXAMPLES OF PARSING. 

A fish 'being caught ' with a hook' may be pulled 
1 out of the water. 

Jl fish may be pulled — Passive form. 

Being caught — Participial phrase, (passive). 

With a hook — Prepositive phrase. 

Out of the water — Prepositive phrase. 

Being caught is an imperfect passive participle, and 
belongs to fish. 

Rule. Participles belong to nouns. 



HAZEft'S PRACTICAL GRAMMAR. 135 

The house 'being built 'of stone ' is somewhat damp. 

The officer ' being reproached ' with cowardice ' could not 
brook the insult. 

The lads ' being seen ' in bad company ' are suspected of 
badness. 

The workmen ' being apprised * of their danger ' immedi- 
ately left the infected spot. 

The student ' being too much employed ' in study ' does 
not take sufficient exercise. 

The people 'being engrossed 'by party politics' do not 
study the science ' of politics. 

PERFECT PARTICIPLE. 

"Wronged Deceived 

Elated Proposed 

Navigated Affrighted 

Mitigated Aroused 

Examples for Parsing and Imitation. 

The old gentleman ' wronged ' out of his property ' was 
suddenly reduced ' from affluence ' to poverty. 

"Wronged ' out of his property ' the old gentleman was sud- 
denly reduced 'from affluence 'to poverty. 

Elated' by success ' he rushed forward ' to new adventures. 

EXAMPLES OF PARSING. 

The old gentleman ' wronged ' out of his property ' 
was suddenly reduced ''from affluence ' to poverty. 

The old gentleman was suddenly reduced — Passive 
form. 

Wronged — Participial phrase, (passive). 

Wronged is a perfect passive participle and belongs 
to gentleman. 

Rule. Participles belong to nouns. 



136 



HAZEN'S PRACTICAL GRAMMAR. 



A ship ' navigated ' by skilful seamen ' will probably reach 
her destination. 

A crime ' mitigated ' by such circumstances ' should be visited 
' with a moderate punishment. 

The people 'deceived 'by fair promises ' voted 'for the can- 
didates ' proposed ' by the party. 

The horses ' affrighted ' by the sudden crash ' ran off ' in 
spite ' of the driver's exertions. 

The firemen ' aroused ' from their slumbers ' by a cry ' of 
fire ! fire ! immediately repaired * with their engines ' to the 
building ' in danger. 

PRIOR PERFECT PARTICIPLE. 



Having been caressed 
Having been discussed 
Having been appropriated 
Having been rescued 



Having been executed 
Having been approached 
Having been engrossed 
Having been allured 

Examples for Parsing and Imitation. 

The lady ' having been too much caressed ' became vain. 

Having been too much caressed ' the lady became vain. 

The subject ' having been ably discussed \ was decided ' by 
its merits. 

Moneys ' having been appropriated ' by congress ' can be 
drawn ' from the treasury. 

The youth ' having been rescued ' from vice ' by this clergy- 
man ' ever felt ' towards him ' the warmest gratitude. 

The deed ' having been executed ' was handed ' to its proper 
owner. 

The fort ' having been imperceptibly approached ' was sur- 
rendered 'without resistance. 

Having been too much engrossed ' by business ' he has hitherto 
neglected the concerns ' of eternity. 

This regiment 'having been allured 'into an ambush ' was 
suddenly attacked 'by a large body ' of Indians. 



HAZEM'S PRACTICAL GRAMMAR. 137 



THE INDEPENDENT CASE, 

RESUMED FROM PAGE 109. 

4. When used independently with a participial phrase. 
Examples for Parsing and Imitation. 

The shepherd played ' for some time ' on his pipe ' his 
flock ' in the meanwhile ' feeding ' about him. 

John 'being there 'at the time ' his father consulted ' with 
him. 

The gentleman ' having dined ' the servants cleared off the 
table. 

The traveller 'being urgent 'for dinner' the landlord hur- 
ried the cook. 



EXAMPLES OF PARSING. 

The shepherd played ''for some time * on his pipe ' 
his flock ' in the meanwhile '■feeding ' about him. 

The shepherd played — Intransitive form. 

For some time — Prepositive phrase. 

On his pipe — Prepositive phrase. 

Flock is a collective noun, neuter gender, singular 
number, third person, independent case. 

Rule. When a noun or pronoun is free from any 
constructive dependance on any other word, it is in the 
independent case. 

In the meanwhile — Prepositive phrase. 

Feeding — Participial phrase, (intransitive). 

Feeding is an imperfect participle, and belongs to 
flock. 

Rule. Participles belong to nouns. 

About him — Prepositive phrase. 
_ _ _ _ _ 



138 HAZEN'S PRACTICAL GRAMMAR. 



The dog ' being rabid ' his master shot him. 

The horse ' being exceedingly restiff ' the lady would not 
ride him. 

The young man ' having been sick ' for a long time ' his 
friends despair • of his recovery. 

The candidate 'having become unpopular' the people 
would not vote ' for him. 

This clergyman 'being a good preacher' his people paid 
their subscriptions cheerfully. 

Authors ' being generally necessitous persons ' publishers 
frequently obtain their productions 'for a small pittance. 

This philanthropist ' having been a warm friend ' to sail- 
ors ' they regretted his death. 

Having become a violent partisan ' he has lost the respect 
' of good men ' of all parties. 

The captain ' anticipating a storm ' all hands were order- 
ed ' to their posts. 

The farmer's fodder will fail long 'before spring' he 'hav- 
ing too much stock. 

The officer was joyfully received, he ' having brought 'with 
him' the lost child. 

The young lady ' having written the letter ' her brother 
put it ' into the postoffice. 

The money ' being pledged ' by a man punctual ' in his 
payments ' we expect it ' at the time ' specified. 

The letter ' having been intercepted ' the whole plot was 
revealed. 

The estate 'having been sold 'by the mortgagee' the 
family were unexpectedly thrown ' upon their own personal 
resources. 

The mob 'being excessively exasperated' the bank swin- 
dler was greatly terrified. 



HAZEN'S PRACTICAL GRAMMAR. 



139 



GERUNDIVE PHRASES. 

A gerundive phrase is a single gerundive, or a gerund- 
ive and some other part or parts of speech intimately 
associated with it. 

GERUNDIVE. (PARTICIPIAL NOUN.) 

A gerundive is a participle so applied in composition, 
as to combine in itself the nature of a participle and a 
noun. 

RULES OF SYNTAX. 

Articles belong to gerundives. 
Adjectives belong to gerundives. 
Adjective pronouns belong to gerundives. 
Adverbs qualify gerundives. 
Gerundives govern the possessive case. 
Transitive gerundives govern the objective case. 
The gerundives of those verbs which admit a case both 
before and after them, retain the latter. 

CLASSIFICATION OF GERUNDIVE PHRASES. 

Gerundive phrases are divided into intransitive, in- 
transitive post-adjective, intransitive post-substantive, 
transitive, passive, and prepositive. 

INTRANSITIVE GERUNDIVE PHRASE. 

The essential element of an intransitive gerundive 
phrase is an intransitive gerundive. 



Note. — The word gerundive is derived from gerund, the name of a 
class of words in the Latin language, which corresponds with our imperfect 
participle in ing, when so applied in construction, that it combines in 
itself the nature of both a participle and a noun. 



140 



HAZEN'S PRACTICAL GRAMMAR. 



Walking 

Sleeping too much 

Eating 

Profane swearing 

Lying 



Blistering 

Better financiering 

Whispering 

Having been 

His having run away 



Examples for Parsing and Imitation. 

. Walking ' is a healthful exercise. 
Sleeping too much ' is injurious * to health. 
Eating' is the chief enjoyment 'of the epicure. 
Profane swearing ' is an exceedingly vulgar vice. 

EXAMPLES OF PARSING. 
Walking' is a healthful exercise. 

Walking — Gerundive phrase, (intransitive). 

Walking' is a healthful exercise — Intransitive post- 
substantive form. 

Walking is an imperfect gerundive, derived from the 
verb walk, singular number, third person, and nomina- 
tive case to is. 

Rule. The agent which introduces the verb into the 
sentence must be in the nominative case. 

Sleeping too much' is injurious l to health. 

Sleeping too much — Gerundive phrase, (intransitive). 

Sleeping too much ' is injurious — Intransitive post- 
adjective form. 

Sleeping is an imperfect gerundive, from the verb 
sleep, singular number, third person, and nominative 
case to is. 

Rule. The agent which introduces the verb into the 
sentence must be in the nominative case. 

Much is an adverb, and qualifies sleeping. 

Rule. Adverbs qualify gerundives. 



hazen's practical grammar. 



141 



The law ' of God ' forbids ' lying. 

The physician will recommend ' blistering. 

The people will have ' better financiering. 

The rules ' of the school ' prohibit ' whispering. 

The youth denies ' having been ' in bad company. 

His having run aAvay ' is a strong proof ' of guilt. 

INTRANSITIVE POST-ADJECTIVE GERUNDIVE PHRASE. 

The essential elements of the intransitive post-adjec- 
tive gerundive phrase m an intransitive gerundive, com- 
monly derived from the verb to be, and an adjective. 

Being rich Our being humble 

Being learned His having been poor 

The being unhappy Their having been sick 

Examples for Parsing and Imitation. 

Being rich' is no justification 'for such impudence. 
That enterprising student anticipated ' being learned. 
The being unhappy ' in confinement ' is not extraordinary. 
Our being humble ' before the great Creator * under so 
great a national calamity ' is appropriate. 



Injurious is an adjective and belongs to sleeping. 

Rule. Adjectives belong to gerundives. 

The law ' of God ' forbids ' lying. 

Lying is an imperfect gerundive, derived from the 
verb lie, singular number, third person, objective case, 
and governed by forbids. 

Rule. Transitive verbs govern the objective case. 



EXAMPLES OF PARSING. 
Being rich ' is no justification l for such impudence. 
Being rich — Gerundive phrase, (intransitive post- 
adjective). 



142 hazen's practical grammar. 

His having been poor ' in early life ' is no disparagement 
' to his intrinsic merits. 

Their having been sick ' is a perfect moral justification ' for 
failure ' in contract. 

INTRANSITIVE POST-SUBSTANTIVE GERUNDIVE PHRASE. 

The essential elements of the intransitive post-substan- 
tive gerundive phrase, m an intransitive gerundive, com- 
monly derived from the verb to be, and a noun or pronoun 
following it. 

His becoming a member His having been a soldier 

His being a rich man's son Their having once been freemen 

Becoming a wise man His having been a clergyman 

Being rich' is no justification — Intransitive post-sub- 
stantive form. 

Being is an imperfect gerundive, from the verb to be, 
singular number, third person, and nominative case to is. 

Etjle. The agent which introduces the verb into the 
sentence, must be in the nominative case. 

Rich is an adjective, and belongs to being. 

Rule. Adjectives belong to gerundives. 

That enterprising student anticipates ' being learned — 
Transitive form. 

Being learned — Gerundive phrase, (intransitive post- 
adjective). 

Being is an imperfect gerundive, from the verb to be, 
singular number, third person, objective case, and gov- 
erned by anticipates. 

Rule. Transitive verbs govern the objective case. 

Learned is an adjective, and belongs to being. 

Rule. Adjectives belong to gerundives. 



HAZEN'S PRACTICAL GRAMMAR. 143 



Examples for Parsing and Imitation. 

His becoming a member 'of that society 'of ranters' ex- 
cited much surprise. 

His being a rich man's son ' was the chief cause ' of his 
unjust acquittal ' by the jury. 

That enterprising student anticipates ' becoming a wise man. 

His having been a soldier ' in the revolution ' is not 
doubted. 

Their having once been freemen ' renders their present 
subjection more insupportable. 

His having been a clergyman' will not shield him 'from 
justice. 

TRANSITIVE GERUNDIVE PHRASE. 

The essential elements of the transitive gerundive 
phrase, m a transitive gerundive, and an objective case, 
governed by the gerundive. 



EXAMPLES OF PARSING. 

His becoming a member ' of that society ' of ranters ' 

excited much surprise. 

His becoming a member — Gerundive phrase, (intransi- 
tive post-substantive.) 

Becoming is an imperfect gerundive, from the verb be- 
come, singular number, third person, and nominative 
case to excited. 

Rule. The agent which introduces the verb into the 
sentence must be in the nominative case. 

Member is a common noun, masculine gender, singu- 
lar number, third person, and nominative case after 
becoming. 

Rule. The gerundives of those verbs which admit a 
case both before and after them, retain the latter. 



144 HAZEN'S PRACTICAL GRAMMAR. 



Catching fish Losing their best officers 

Turning a grindstone Whipping refractory pupils 

Navigating the great deep His having relieved many 
Teaching idle children persons 

Examples for Parsing and Imitation. 

Catching fish ' is the chief employment ' of the inhabitants. 
The chief employment ' of the inhabitants ' is ' catching fish. 
Turning a grindstone ' is wearisome work ' to a lazy boy. 
Navigating the great deep' is often tedious. 
Teaching idle children ' is irksome business. 
The army regretted ' losing their best officers. 



EXAMPLES OF PARSING. 

Catching fish'* is the chief employment i of the 

inhabitants. 

Catching fish — Gerundive phrase, (transitive). 

Catching fish ' is the chief employment — Intransitive 
post-substantive form. 

Catching is an imperfect gerundive, from the verb 
catch, singular number, third person, and nominative 
case to is. 

Rule. The agent which introduces the verb into the 
sentence must be in the nominative case. 

Fish is a common noun, neuter gender, singular num- 
ber, third person, objective case, and governed by 
catching. 

Rule. Transitive gerundives govern the objective 

case. 

The army regretted ' losing their best officers. 

Losing is an imperfect gerundive, singular number, 
third person, objective case, and governed by regretted. 
Rule. Transitive verbs govern the objective case. 



HAZEN'S PRACTICAL GRAMMAR. 145 



The trustees 'of the school' recommended 'whipping re- 
fractory pupils. 

His having relieved many persons ' in distress ' was a 
source ' of great satisfaction ' to him ' in his old age. 

PASSIVE GERUNDIVE PHRASE. 

The essential element of the passive gerundive phrase 
is a passive gerundive. 

His being suspected His having been seen there 

The work's being finished Having been caught 

Our being punished The having been accustomed 

Examples for Parsing and Imitation. 

The former viciousness ' of that man ' caused ' his being 
suspected ' of this crime. 

The cold weather did not prevent ' the work's being finish- 
ed ' at the time ' specified. 

His artful dissimulation did not prevent ' our being punished. 

His having been seen there ' at that time ' was a suspi- 
cious circumstance. 

The youth regretted ' having been caught ' m bad company. 

The having been accustomed 'to an abundance' renders 
poverty more inconvenient. 



EXAMPLES OF PARSING. 

The former viciousness * of that man ' caused ' his 

being suspected ' of this crime. 

The former viciousness caused ' his being suspected — 
Transitive form. 

His being suspected — Gerundive phrase, (passive). 

His being suspected is an imperfect passive gerundive, 
from the verb suspect, singular number, third person, 
objective case, and governed by caused. 

Rule. Transitive verbs govern the objective case. 

_ _ 



146 HAZEN'S PRACTICAL GRAMMAR. 



PREPOSITIVE GERUNDIVE PHRASES. 
A prepositive gerundive phrase is a gerundive prece- 
ded by a preposition ; or it is a preposition and a gerun- 
dive followed by an adjective or a noun. 

CLASSIFICATION OF PREPOSITIVE GERUNDIVE PHRASES. 

Prepositive gerundive phrases are divided into intran- 
sitive, intransitive post-adjective, intransitive post-sub- 
stantive, transitive, and passive. 

INTRANSITIVE. 

With wandering At our staying away so long 

To dying suddenly Against complaining 

For not having come 'Jo church ' lately 
For not having attended more diligently 
For having gone too far 

Examples for Parsing and Imitation. 

My brother is delighted 'with wandering 'in the fields. 

This good man felt a strong repugnance ' to dying suddenly. 

Your mother will be alarmed 4 at our staying away so long. 

The audience were cautioned ' against complaining ' about 
the dispensations ' of Providence. 

Our minister will chide us ' for not having come ' to church ' 
lately. 



EXAMPLES OF PARSING. 

My brother is delighted ' with wandering i in the fields. 

With wandering — Prepositive gerundive phrase, (in- 
transive). 

Wandering is an imperfect gerundive, singular num- 
ber, third person, objective case, and governed by with. 

Rule. Prepositions govern the objective case. 



HAZEN'S PRACTICAL GRAMMAR. 147 



You will repent 'for not having attended more diligently 
' to your studies. 

The students were admonished 'for having gone too far 
'from the academy. 

INTRANSITIVE POST-ADJECTIVE. 

In being odd To being false 

For being impudent From being industrious 

Above being dishonorable To being idle 

At having become pious 

For having once been poor 

For having been studious 

For having been contumacious 

Examples for Parsing and Imitation. 

This individual took grea^ delight 'in being odd. 
Being rich is no reason ' for being impudent. 
Those merchants are ' above being dishonorable. 
Many men would prefer death ' to being false. 
From being industrious ' he turned ' to being idle. 
My father rejoiced 'at having become pious ' in his youth. 
Rich men are seldom disregarded 'for having been poor. 
The graduates were commended ' for having been studious. 
This prelate was expelled ' from the church ' for having 
been contumacious. 

EXAMPLES OF PARSING. 

This individual took great delight * in being odd. 

In being odd — Prepositive gerundive phrase, (intran- 
sitive post-adjective) . 

Being is an imperfect gerundive, singular number, 
third person, objective case, and governed by in. 

Rule. Prepositions govern the objective case. 

Odd is an adjective, and belongs to being. 

Rule. Adjectives belong to gerundives. 



148 HAZEN 7 S PRACTICAL GRAMMAR. 



INTRANSITIVE POST-§UBSTANTIVE. 

From becoming a missionary At being made a judge 
With being a young man For being a coward 

With being a Christian Against being a companion 

In having been a coadjutor 
At his having been a decided Christian 
From having been a companion 
At his son's having become the chum 

Examples for Parsing and Imitation. 

The young man recoiled ^from becoming a missionary. 

William Pitt was reproached ' with being a young man. 

The pagans charged the stranger 4 with being a Christian. 

The farmer was pleased 'at being made a judge. 

The colonel was cashiered 'fo% being a coward. 

I cautioned my young friend 'against being a companion 
1 of wicked men. 

I shall be happy ' in having been a coadjutor * of such 
honorable men. 



EXAMPLES OF PARSING. 

The young man recoiled ''from becoming a missionary. 

From becoming a missionary — Prepositive gerundive 
phrase, (intransitive post-substantive). 

Becoming is an imperfect gerundive, from the verb 
become, singular number, third person, objective case, 
and governed by from. 

Rule. Prepositions govern the objective case. 

Missionary is a common noun, masculine gender, 
singular number, third person, and nominative case 
after becoming. 

Rule. The gerundives of those verbs which admit the 
same case before and after them, retain the latter. 



HAZEN'S PRACTICAL GRAMMAR. 149 



The aged man rejoiced *at his having been a decided 
Christian * from, his youth. 

This person was suspected * of being vicious * from having 
been a companion * of vicious persons. 

The gentleman will ' at length ' be pleased ' at his son's 
having become the chum * of this clever rustic 

TRANSITIVE. 

In spinning street-yarn For watching his wagon 

In traducing their neighbors For planing boards 
With reviewing former scenes Towards building a church 
Of acquiring a complete edu- On educating the rising gen- 
cation eration 

For having fought their battles 
For having performed noble deeds 
For having managed his department 

Examples for Parsing and Imitation. 

There is but little profit 'in spinning street-yarn. 
Slanderous persons delight 'in tradueing their neighbors. 



EXAMPLES OF PARSING. 

There is but little profit ' in spinning street-yarn. 

In spinning street-yarn — Prepositive gerundive phrase, 
(transitive). 

Spinning is an imperfect gerundive, from the verb 
spin, singular number, third person, objective case, 
and governed by in. 

Rule. Prepositions govern the objective case. 

Street-yarn is a common noun, neuter gender, sin- 
gular number, third person, objective case, and govern- 
ed by spinning. 

Rule. Transitive gerundives govern the objective 
case. 



13* 



150 HAZEN'S PRACTICAL GRAMMAR. 

Aged persons are pleased ' with reviewing former scenes. 

Few persons are capable ' of acquiring a complete education. 

A farmer gave a lad some peaches ' for watching his wagon. 

This mechanic invented a machine 'for planing boards. 

The society has done something ' towards building a church. 

Much has been written 'on educating the rising generation. 

The American people venerate the patriots ' of the revolu- 
tion ' for having fought their battles. 

Men are honored ' for having performed noble deeds ' for 
the benefit ' of their species. 

The senator commended the secretary ' for having managed 
his department ' with distinguished ability. 

PASSIVE. 

Of being flattered » Upon being introduced 

With being caressed Without being recognized 

Without being discovered By his being associated 
By being known Of being found 

Without having been delayed 

Without having been especially called 

By his having been known 

Examples for Parsing and Imitation, 

Vain persons are fond ' of being flattered. 
Some animals are pleased ' with being caressed. 



EXAMPLES OF PARSING. 
Vain persons are fond ' of being flattered. 
Of being flattered — Prepositive gerundive phrase, 
(passive). 

Being flattered is an imperfect passive gerundive, 
from the verb flatter, singular number, third person, 
objective case, and governed by of. 

Rule. Prepositions govern the objective case. 



HAZEN'S PRACTICAL GRAMMAR. 151 



He gained access ' to the garden ' without being discovered. 

By being known ' he will travel pleasantly. 

The young man 'upon being introduced' will be cordially 
received. 

The emperor travelled ' through the empire ' without be- 
ing recognized. 

An upright man may be suspected ' of dishonesty ' by 
his being associated ' with dishonest men. 

This generous woman was not ashamed ' of being found 
' relieving human woe. 

We arrived ' at our place c of destination ' without having 
been delayed ' by accident ' on the way. 

The people met ' without having been especially called. 

My father travelled very pleasantly ' by his having been 
known ' to many ' of his fellow-passengers. 



INFINITIVE PHRASES. 

An infinitive phrase is a verb in the infinitive mode; 
or a verb in the infinitive mode, and some other part or 
parts of speech, intimately associated with it. 

RULES OF SYNTAX. 

An adjective may belong to an infinitive phrase. 

An infinitive phrase is sometimes nominative case 
to a verb, in the singular number, and third person. 

An infinitive phrase is sometimes independent. 

The infinitive mode of those verbs which admit the 
same case before and after them, retains the latter, when 
the word to which the infinitive mode belongs, refers to 
the same thing. 

Verbs in the infinitive mode belong to nouns. 



152 HAZEN'S PRACTICAL GRAMMAR. 



A verb in the infinitive mode is introduced — 

1. After verbs 7. After about 

2. After participles 8. After so — as commonly 

3. After gerundives combined with an adjec- 

4. After adjectives tive. 

5. After nouns or pronouns 9. After than, combined with 

6. After enough, preceded by an adjective in the com- 

an adjective. parative degree. 

CLASSIFICATION OF INFINITIVE PHRASES. 

The infinitive phrases are divided into intransitive, itf- 
transitive post-adjective, intransitive post-substantive, 
transitive, and passive. 

INTRANSITIVE INFINITIVE PHRASE. 

The essential element of the intransitive infinitive 
phrase is an intransitive verb in the infinitive mode. 
To run To ride To submit 

To confer To come To resort 

To escape To go To have come before 

To fly To call again To have lived up 

Examples for Parsing and Imitation. 

These horses are ' to run ' in the race. 
The citizens have met ' to confer ' on political matters. 
The prisoner ' having tried in vain ' to escape ' from prison ' 
finally yielded peaceably ' to his fate. 



EXAMPLES OF PARSING. 
These horses are ' to run i in the race. 
To run — Infinitive phrase, (intransitive). 
To run is an irregular intransitive verb, infinitive 
mode, and present tense, is introduced after are, and 
belongs to horses. 

Rule. Verbs in the infinitive mode belong to nouns. 



HAZEN'S PRACTICAL GRAMMAR. 153 

This simpleton broke his leg ' by a fall ' in attempting 
'to fly 'with artificial wings. 

It is sometimes pleasant ' to ride ' on horseback. 

The young man urged his father ' to come ' to the com- 
mencement. 

The farmer is about ' to go ' to market. 

Will you be so good as ' to call again ? 

It is sometimes better ' to submit ' to injustice than * to 
resort ' to judicial proceedings. 

The gentleman ought ' to have come before. 

To have lived up ' to the dignity ' of human nature ' during 
a long life' will be a pleasant consideration 'in old age. 



In the examples which follow the sentence adduced for 
parsing, to confer is introduced after met, and belongs to citi- 
zens ; to escape, after having tried, and belongs to prisoner ; 
to fly, after attempting, and belongs to his, understood before 
attempting ; to ride after pleasant, and belongs to us, in the 
phrase for us, understood after pleasant ; to come, after father, 
and belongs to father; to go, after about, and belongs to farm- 
er ; to call, after so — as combined with good, and belongs to 
you; to submit, after better, and belongs to us, or persons, in 
the phrase for us, or for persons, understood before to submit ; 
to resort, after than, and belongs to us, or to persons, in the 
phrase for us, or for persons, understood before to resort; to 
have come, after ought, and belongs to gentleman. 

To have lived up is an infinitive phrase, (intransitive). 

To have lived is a regular intransitive verb, infinitive mode, 
prior present tense, and together with up, a part of the phrase, 
is nominative case to will be, in the singular number, and third 
person. Rule. An infinitive phrase is sometimes nominative 
case to a verb, in the singular number, and third person. The 
several phrases which follow are mere dependancies of the 
infinitive phrase. It is not necessary, therefore, to make them 
a part of the nominative case. 



154 HAZEN'S PRACTICAL GRAMMAR. 



INTRANSITIVE POST-ADJECTIVE INFINITIVE PHRASE. 

The essential elements of the intransitive post-adjec- 
tive infinitive phrase, are an intransitive verb, commonly 
the verb to be, in the infinitive mode, and an adjective. 
To be useful To be silent 

To be pathetic To be studious 

To be cheerful To remain ignorant 

To become rich To have been more diligent 

To be obedient To have been guilty 

To be successful To have been eloquent 

Examples for Parsing and Imitation. 

The young man determined ' to be useful. 
The preacher is aiming ' to be pathetic. 
The physician found his patient trying ' to be cheerful. 
This citizen ' having purposed ' to become rich ' could not 
well bear disappointment. 

The teacher, at length, induced his pupil ' to be obedient. 
This visionary man is always about ' to be successful. 
Will you be so good as ' to be silent ' for a while. 
It is far better ' to be studious than ' to remain ignorant. 
The young ladies ought ' to have been more diligent. 



EXAMPLES OF PARSING. 
The young man determined ''to be useful. 

To be useful — Infinitive phrase, (intransitive post- 
adjective. 

To be is an irregular intransitive verb, infinitive 
mode, and present tense, is introduced after determine, 
and belongs to man. 

Rule. Verbs in the infinitive mode belong to nouns. 

Useful is an adjective, and belongs to man. 

Rule. Adjectives belong to nouns. 



HAZEN'S PRACTICAL GRAMMAR. 155 



This pirate is said ' to have been guilty ' of many atrocities. 
To have been eloquent ' before so small an audience ' is a 
mark of extraordinary zeal. 

INTRANSITIVE POST-SUBSTANTIVE INFINITIVE PHRASE. 

The essential elements of the intransitive post-sub- 
stantive infinitive phrase, are an intransitive verb, com- 
monly the verb to be, and a noun following it. 
To become a useful citizen To become my security 
To become a great nation To remain an ignoramus 
To be the foremost man To have been a monster 
To become a scholar To have ever been a friend 

To become a partner To have been a federalist 

To become a clergyman To have once been rich land 

Examples for Parsing and Imitation, 

The youth is determined ' to become a useful citizen. 
This republic is destined ' to become a great nation. 



EXAMPLES OF PARSING. 

The youth is determined l to become a useful citizen. 

To become a useful citizen — Infinitive phrase, (intran- 
sitive post-substantive.) 

To become is an irregular intransitive verb, infinitive 
mode, and present tense, is introduced after is deter- 
mined, and belongs to youth. 

Rule. Verbs in the infinitive mode belong to nouns. 

Citizen is a common noun, masculine gender, singu- 
lar number, third person, and nominative case after to 
become. 

The infinitive mode of those verbs which admit the 
same case before and after them, retains the latter, 
when the word to which the infinitive mode belongs, 
refers to the same thing. 



156 HAZEN'S PRACTICAL GRAMMAR. 

A passenger aiming ' to be the foremost man ' on the wharf 
fell ' into the dock. 

Having determined ' to become a schola:: ' he went ' to 
the university. 

This honest clerk was unwilling ' to become a partner ' in 
such a concern. 

The good woman urged her son ' to become a clergyman. 

The young man is about ' to become a clergyman. 

The gentleman was so kind as ' to become my security 
' for one thousand dollars. 

It would be much better ' to be studious ' than ' to remain 
an ignoramus. 

We know the animal ' to have been a monster ' from his 
bones. 

The president is declared { to have ever been a friend ' to 
this measure. 

Being known ' to have been a federalist ' he failed ' in his 
application 'for office. 

This farm is said ' to have once been rich land. 

TRANSITIVE INFINITIVE PHRASE. 

The essential elements of the transitive infinitive 
phrase, are a transitive verb in the infinitive mode, and 
an objective case governed by the verb. 

To worship God To permit its author 

To acquire knowledge To lack the means 

To arrest his horses To have written such a work 

To protect a gallant band To have preferred peace 

To please every body To have influenced the pres- 

To educate their children ident 

Examples for Parsing and Imitation. 

The congregation have met ' to worship God' their creator. 
Children are sent ' to school ' to acquire knowledge. 



HAZE.N'S PRACTICAL GRAMMAR. 157 

The driver ' hoping ' to arrest his horses ' held on tena- 
ciously ' to the reins. 

This prince perished ' in endeavoring ' to protect a gallant 
band ' of loyal friends. 

In trying ' to please every body ' we please nobody. 

All parents should be anxious ' to educate their children. 

The publishers ' of the book ' were so unfeeling as ' to 
permit its author ' to lack the means ' of living ' during the 
time ' of writing it. 

To have written such a work ' will be a great honor. 

The nation ought ' to have preferred peace ' to war. 

The secretary is presumed ' to have influenced the president. 

PASSIVE INFINITIVE PHRASE. 

The essential element of the passive infinitive phrase, 
is a passive verb in the infinitive mode. 

To be presented To be sold 

To be heard distinctly To be finally condemned 

To be paid To have been fed early 

To be adorned To have been slain 

To be discounted To have been influenced 



EXAMPLES OF PARSING. 
The congregation have met ' to worship God ' their creator. 

To worship God — Infinitive phrase, (transitive). 

To worship is a regular transitive verb, infinitive 
mode, and present tense, is introduced after met, and 
belongs to congregation. 

Rule. Verbs in the infinitive mode belong to nouns. 

God is a proper noun, masculine gender, singular 
number, third person, objective case, and governed by 
to worship. 

Rule, Transitive verbs govern the objective case. 

~~ 14 



158 HAZEN'S PRACTICAL GRAMMAR. 



Examples for Parsing and Imitation. 

The stranger rose ' to be presented ' to the company. 

The clergyman ' wishing ' to be heard distinctly ' spoke too 
loud for his physical ability. 

A laborer ' having called ' on his employer ' to be paid 
' for past services ' was put off ' to another day. 

God is worthy ' to be adored ' by all rational intelligences. 

The merchant will offer the note ' to be discounted. 

That messuage is about ' to be sold 'at public sale. 

It is better ' to be poor ' during life ' than to be finally 
condemned 'for injustice. 

The horses ought ' to have been fed early 'so as ' to have 
been ready ' in time. 

The soldier was declared 'to have been slain 'in the revo- 
lutionary war. 

The president is supposed ' to have been influenced ' by 
the secretary. 



EXAMPLES OF PARSING. 

The stranger rose l to be presented ' to the company. 

To be presented — Infinitive phrase, (passive.) 

To be presented is a regular passive verb, infinitive 
mode, and present tense, is introduced after rose, and 
belongs to stranger. 

Rule. Verbs in the infinitive mode belong to nouns. 
To view the works ' of nature ' is pleasant. 

To view is a regular transitive verb, infinitive mode, 
present tense, and, with the rest of the phrase, nomina- 
tive case to is in the singular number, and third person. 

Rule. An infinitive phrase is sometimes nominative 

case to a verb in the singular number, and third person. 

Pleasant is an adjective, and belongs to to view the works. 

Rule. An adjective may belong to an infinitive phrase. 



HAZEN'S PRACTICAL GRAMMAR. 159 



RULES FOR THE OMISSION OF TO IN INFINITIVE PHRASES. 

To is omitted in the infinitive phrases after make, see, 
hear, feel, and let, as well as after the participles and 
gerundives derived from them. 

To be, in the intransitive post-adjective, intransitive 
post-substantive, and passive infinitive phrases is omit- 
ted after make, see, hear, feel, and have, as well as 
after the participles and gerundives derived from them. 

To is generally omitted in the infinitive phrases after 
bid, and sometimes after the participles and gerundives 
derived from it. 

To may sometimes be omitted in some of the infinitive phra- 
ses after help, as well as after the gerundives derived from it ; 
although it is always safe to insert it. 

The preceding rules are not applicable to the verbs to which 
they relate, in their passive form, except sometimes in the case 
of let. 

These rules need not be applied in parsing. 

INFINITIVE PHRASES AFTER make. 

Improve Execute the job 

Conscientious Perform the duties 

A parson To ask the teacher's pardon 

Perform their duties promptly To pay the note twice 

Examples for Parsing and Imitation. 

This indefatigable teacher is determined ' to make his 
pupils ' improve. 



EXAMPLES OF PARSING. 
This indefatigable teacher is determined ' to make his 

jjupils improve. 
Improve — Infinitive phrase, (intransitive.) 



160 



HAZEN'S PRACTICAL GRAMMAR* 



Conscientious parents are anxious ' to make their children 
' conscientious. 

This gentleman has been trying ' to make his son ' a parson. 

The people should make their public agents ' perform their 
duties promptly. 

The contractor ' having made his workmen ' execute the job 
'in the very best manner ' obtained ' for it an extra price. 

The merchant avoids some expense ' by making his son 
' perform the duties ' of a clerk. 

The boy was made ' to ask the teacher's pardon ' for having 
behaved himself indecorously ' towards him. 

The poor man was made ' to pay the note twice. 



Improve is a regular intransitive verb, infinitive mode, 
present tense, is introduced after pupils, and belongs 
to pupils. 

Rule. Verbs in the infinitive mode belong to nouns. 

Conscientious parents are anxious ' to make their chil- 
dren i conscientious. 

Conscientious — Infinitive phrase, (intransitive post-ad- 
jective,) to be being omitted after to make. 

Conscie7itious is an adjective and belongs to children. 

Rule. Adjectives belong to nouns. 

This gentleman is trying c to make his son l a parson. 

A parson— Infinitive phrase, (intransitive post-substan- 
tive,) to be being omitted after to make. 

Parson is a common noun, &c, and objective case 
after to be, understood. 

Rule. The infinitive mode of those verbs which admit 
the same case before and after them, retains the latter, 
when the word to which the infinitive mode belongs, 
refers to the same thing. 



HAZEN'S PRACTICAL GRAMMAR. 



161 



INFINITIVE PHRASES AFTER See. 



Cruelly treated 
Converted 
Run 
Ruined 



Come 

Vanish 

Comfortable 

A thriving people 

Examples for Parsing and Imitation. 

The astonished Indians saw a ship ' come ' into the harbor. 

Students have ever seen difficulties 'vanish ' before close ap- 
plication. 

The youth determined ' to see his parents ' comfortable. 

We were pleased ' to see this community ' a thriving people. 

The bystanders were sorry ' to see the beast 'cruelly treated. 

The preacher ' seeing sinners ' converted ' from the error ' of 
their ways ' by his ministry ' is exceedingly happy. 

Having repeatedly seen the horses ' run together ' he knows 
their relative speed. 

We know the deleterious effects ' of alcohol ' on man ' by 
having seen many persons ' ruined ' by it. 

INFINITIVE PHRASES AFTER hear. 

Crow Read 

Called a knave Preach 

Call the hogs ' Read prayers 

Pronounced To reproach niggardly men 

Examples for Parsing and Imitation. 

Peter heard the cock ' crow. 
I have heard this merchant 'called a knave. 
Did you hear the servant 'call the hogs? 
I heard the oration ' pronounced. 

Having heard the letter ' read ' I approved its contents. 
Your taste ' in speaking ' will be improved ' by hearing this 
clergyman ' preach. 

I have frequently heard this gentleman ' read prayers. 

This miser has often been heard ' to reproach niggardly men* 



14* 



162 



HAZEN'S PRACTICAL GRAMMAR. 



INFINITIVE PHRASES AFTER feel. 

Creep A burden 

Nibble his bate Oppressive 

Severe So great a burden 

The lad felt a cold snake ' creep ' over his foot. 

Andrew felt a fish ' nibble his bait. 

I felt the remark ' severe. 

The guardian felt the responsibility ' a burden. 

Feeling the weather ' oppressive ' in the city ' we must rusti- 
cate ' for a while. 

I am sorry ' for having felt this duty ' so great a burden. 



INFINITIVE PHRASES AFTER let. 



Ride 

Be consistent 

Be consistent politicians 

Enjoy their own opinions 

Be sold 



Have their own way 
Leave home so early 
Go immediately 
To be cultivated 
Go too soon 



Examples for Parsing and Imitation, 

Father, let me ' ride ' in the carriage. 

Let us always ' be consistent ' in our conduct. 

Let us ' ever be consistent politicians. 

Candid men are willing ' to let others ' enjoy their own 
opinions. 

The owner ' of this plantation' is obliged 'to let it 'be sold 
' under a mortgage, 

The teacher 'having let the pupils 'have their own way at 
first' finds difficulty 'in maintaining wholesome discipline. 

I have regretted ' letting my son ' leave home so early. 

This benevolent planter has determined ' on letting his slaves 
' go ' to Liberia ' immediately. 

The plantation was let out ' to be cultivated. 

The rope was let ' go too soon. 



HAZEN'S PRACTICAL GRAMMAR. 



163 



INFINITIVE PHRASES AFTER have. 

Full Cut 

Obedient children Called 

Enlarged Done 

Examples for Parsing and Imitation. 

This farmer will have his barns ' full ' of grain. 

I would have you ' obedient children. 

We must have our house ' enlarged. 

You must have your hair ' cut ' by a barber. 

The committee having had the meeting ' called ' to order ' 
presented their report. 

This gentleman has done but little business ' for several days ' 
he having had his house ' full of fox-hunters. 

In having this job ' done ■ at the time ' agreed upon ' I have 
made many sacrifices. 

INFINITIVE PHRASES AFTER bid. 

Come To learn their tasks 

Chase the fowls To bring a pail 

To study their lessons To go 

Examples for Parsing and Imitation. 

His mercy bids me ' come. 

Edward, bid your dog ' chase the fowls 'from the garden. 

The teacher ' having bidden his pupils ' to study their lessons ' 
took a tranquil nap ' in his easy chair. 

The lady in bidding her daughter to learn her task ' was act- 
uated ' by the kindest feelings. 

The servant was bidden ' to bring a pail ' of water. 

The little boy was bidden ' to go ' to sleep. 

Dare and need are commonly classed among those 
verbs which require the omission of to in the infinitive 
phrases which follow them. But this classification is 
evidently erroneous. 



164 



HAZEN'S PRACTICAL GRAMMAR. 



Dare and need are used, both as principal, and as auxil- 
iary verbs. When auxiliary, they admit of no variation 
on account of number or person. When principal verbs, 
they are subject to all the accidents of other verbs. 

Need, as an auxiliary, is used only in the present 
tense of the indicative mode. Dare is used in the same 
mode and tense, and likewise in the indefinite past 
tense in the form of durst. 

Dare, as an auxiliary verb. 

PRESENT TENSE. 

Examples for Parsing and Imitation. 

I dare say. 

The horse dare not proceed. 

The litde girl dare not cry. 

This servant dare not be impudent. 

I dare become a soldier. 

The little boy dare ride the horse. 

The young lady dare not be electrified. 

INDEFINITE PAST TENSE. 

Examples for Parsing and Imitation. 

I durst not refuse. 

The laborers durst not be idle. 

The youth durst become a sailor. 

These obedient children durst not disobey their parents. 

The applicant ' for the school ' durst not be examined. 

Dare, as a principal verb. 

Examples for Parsing and Imitation. 

This young divine dares ' to preach ' before the university. 

In a good cause ' I dare { to be singular. 

We dare ' to become soldiers. 

I shall dare ' to become a candidate ' for congress. 



hazen's practical grammar. 



165 



We should ever dare ' to perform our duty. 

A fiery coxcomb dared me ' to fight a duel. 

A pugnacious boy ' living ' in a village ' dared a peaceable lad 
' living ' in the country ' to knock a chip ' from his shoulder. 

The young lady dares ' to be electrified. 

Needs is used as an adverb, when associated with 
must ; as, He must needs pass through Samaria. The 
woman must needs tell a friend the secret. Needs is 
also placed before must, although this location of it is 
not often the best. 



PUNCTUATION. 

Punctuation is the art of dividing", subdividing, and 
marking a written composition by characters, which 
have been invented for the purpose. 

CHARACTERS DENOTING THE LARGER DIVISIONS 
AND SUB-DIVISIONS. 

The chapter The period 

The section The interrogation 

The paragraph The exclamation 

THE CHAPTER; AS, [ CHAP. IV. ]. 

The chapter is used to divide a book into distinct 
portions, according to the particular subjects treated. 

THE SECTION, [ § ]. 

The section is used to divide chapters or discourses 
into smaller portions. 

THE PARAGRAPH, [ If ]. 

The paragraph is employed to apprise the reader of 
the commencement of a new subject. For this purpose 



Note. — No part of the explanations or rules pertaining to punctuation 
need be committed to memory by the pupil. 



166 



HAZEN'S PRACTICAL GRAMMAR. 



it is frequently used in the Old and New Testaments. 
The portions of a discourse, chapter, or section, denoted 
by an indentation of the line at the beginning, and by a 
break of the line at the end, are also called paragraphs. 

THE PERIOD, [ • ]• 

Every complete sentence, not interrogatory or ex- 
clamatory, is closed with a period. 

The period is used after all abbreviations; as, A. D. 
for Anno Domini ; Fol. for folio. 

THE INTERROGATION, [ ? ]. 

Every independent sentence in which a question is 
proposed, unaccompanied with the expression of sur- 
prise, is closed with the interrogative sign. 

THE EXCLAMATION, [ ! ]. 

The exclamatory sign is used after interjections, and 
other detached words, expressing strong emotion. 

Two or three exclamations are sometimes used after 
sentences, expressing great wonder or admiration. 

PRINCIPAL CHARACTERS DENOTING DIVISIONS IN SENTENCES. 

The colon The comma 

The semicolon The dash 

THE DASH, [ — ]. 

The dash is used to denote an abrupt or unexpected 
turn of sentiment, as well as to indicate an emphatic 
pause. 

OTHER CHARACTERS APPLICABLE TO SENTENCES. 

The brackets The hyphen 

The parentheses The apostrophe 

The guillemets The index 

The caret The brace 



HAZEN'S PRACTICAL GRAMMAR. 167 



THE BRACKETS [ [ ] ]. 

The brackets, crotchets, or hooks, are used to include 
words, sentences, or paragraphs, to be explained in a 
note ; or they are used to include words- or sentences, 
intended to supply some deficiency, or to rectify some 
mistake. 

THE PARENTHESES, [ ( ) ]. 

The parentheses are used to enclose a word or clause, 
hastily thrown into a sentence for the purpose of expla- 
nation. The comma is now often used for the same 
purpose. The parentheses do not supersede the other 
points. 

THE GUILLEMETS,OR QUOTATION POINTS [ " " ]. 

The guillemets are used to distinguish passages, taken 
from an author or speaker in his own words. A quota- 
tion within a quotation is marked with single points, 
which, when used with the others, are placed within 
them. 

THE CARET. [ /\ ]. 

The caret is used to indicate the place, where one 
word or more, which had been omitted, and which have 
been interlined, should be taken into the sentence. 

THE HYPHEN [ - ]. 

The hyphen is used to indicate, that one syllable or 
more of a word is carried forward to the next line. It 
is also used to connect the parts of a compound word. 



Note. — The hyphen is used by some inconsiderate authors of spelling- 
books, and elementary reading-books, to divide words into syllables with 
the view to render them more easy to young pupils. 



168 



HAZEL'S PRACTICAL GRAMMAR. 



the apostrophe, [ ' ]. 
The apostrophe is used to indicate the possessive 
case, or the omission of one letter or more in a word. 

THE INDEX, [ QCr* ]• 

The index is used to direct the attention to something 
remarkable. 

THE BRACE, [ ]. 

The brace is used to connect words which have one 
common relation. It is also used to connect three lines 
of poetry having the same rhyme. 

CHARACTERS USED AS REFERENCES. 

The asterisk The double obelisk 

The obelisk The parallel 

The asterisk [ * ], the obelisk [ f ], the double obe- 
lisk [ J ],and the parallel [ || ], refer to marginal notes. 
When these have been exhausted on a single page or 
chapter, the section, and the paragraph are used to sup- 
ply the deficiency. The small letters of the alphabet, 
and Arabic figures, are also used for the same purpose. 

CAPITAL LETTERS. 

The following words begin with capital letters; 
namely, 

1. The first word of every complete sentence. 

2. Proper names, and appellations of the Deity. 

3. Adjectives derived from the names of places. 
4>. The pronoun I, and the interjection O. 

5. The first word of every line in poetry. 

6. The first word of every sentence introduced as a 
quotation. 



HAZEN'S PRACTICAL GRAMMAR. 169 

7. Common nouns, when used as proper nouns by a 
figure of speech called personification. 

8. Every noun, and every principal word in the title 
of a book. 

9. Titles, when used with proper names. 

THE COMMA. 

RULES APPLICABLE TO SIMPLE SENTENCES. 

The words first, second, formerly, lastly, in fact, and 
others of a similar kind, are separated from the rest of 
the sentence by the comma, when their importance 
seems to require a pause after them ; as, Lastly, strive 
to preserve a conscience void of offence. 

Words in apposition, together with those which may 
depend upon them, are separated from the rest of the 
sentence by the comma ; As, Adam, the first man, com- 
mitted the original sin. 

Exceptions. — The reciprocal pronouns, and a single noun in apposition 
not accompanied by any other word depending upon it, are not separa- 
ted from the rest of the sentence ; as, I shall transact this business my- 
self. I admire the character of the patriarch Joseph. 

Words in the independent case, together with those 
which may depend upon them, are separated from the 
rest of the sentence by the comma; as, Charles, you 
should retire. Our fathers, where are they 1 The offi- 
cers having fallen, the soldiers gave way. 

Exception. — Words, when used in mere exclamation, are followed by 
the exclamatory sign ; as, O ! the intolerably hard times ! 

Note. — The rules of punctuation relating to the comma which occur 
here, are applicable to the verbal forms and phrases which have preceded, 
beginning with the adverb. Teachers are therefore requested to cause 
their pupils to review the examples for parsing and imitation from that 
part of speech, and apply to them the rules thus far laid down. 



170 



HAZEN'S PRACTICAL GRAMMAR. 



When a prepositive phrase precedes a verbal form, or 
is thrown into the midst of a verbal form, it, together 
with its appendage, if any, is separated from the rest of 
the sentence by the comma ; as, In all these circumstan- 
ces, he was found equal to every emergency. You might, 
without injustice, compel him to come up to his contract. 

Exception. When the phrase preceding the verbal form is short, the 
comma is not necessary ; as, Unto thee will I direct my prayer. 

Prepositive gerundive phrases are subject to the same rule and 
to the same exception. 

When a participial phrase precedes a verbal form, it, 
together with its appendage, if any, is separated from the 
rest of the sentence by the comma ; as, Having acquired 
a competent fortune, he retired from the busy world. 
United, we stand ; divided, we fall. 

When a participial phrase follows a noun to which the 
participle belongs, a comma may, or may not, be employ- 
ed at the beginning of it, according as it may be intimate- 
ly or loosely associated with the verbal form to which it 
is appended. When the phrase occurs before the verb, a 
comma is generally necessary before the latter; as, A 
crime, mitigated by such circumstances, should be visited 
with a moderate punishment. The young man having 
been idle in college, left it with a superficial education. 
We met the inhabitants fleeing before the savage foe. 

When an infinitive phrase is separated by a prepositive 
phrase, or by a prepositive gerundive phrase, from the 
verbal form to which it is appended, it, together with its 
appendage, if any, is separated from the rest of the sen- 
tence by the comma. 



IIAZEN'S PRACTICAL GRAMMAR, 



171 



SENTENCES. 

A sentence is two or more words, which express an 
affirmation, an interrogation, a command, an exhortation, 
a petition, or an intimation. 

Sentences are divided into simple and compound. 

A simple sentence is a verbal form, or a verbal form 
and one phrase or more. 

A compound sentence is two or more simple sentences 
united. 



THE CONJUNCTION. 

Conjunctions connect verbal forms, phrases, and ver- 
bal forms and phrases, as well as words, which bear the 
same relation to other words, or association of words. 
CLASSIFICATION OF CONJUNCTIONS. 

Conjunctions may be divided into nine classes ; 
namely, 

1. Additional. 6. Inferential. 

2. Alternative. 7. Adverbial 

3. Correspondive. 8. Comparative ad- 

4. Adversative. verbial. 

5. Causative. 9. Conditional. 

RULES OF SYNTAX. 

And, or, nor, and as well as, connect similar parts 
of speech. 

And, or, nor, and as well as, connect similar phrases. 

And, or, nor, and as well as, sometimes connect adverbs 
and prepositive phrases. 



L_ 



172 HAZEN'S PRACTICAL GRAMMAR. 

And, or, nor, and as well as, connect prepositive ge- 
rundive phrases. 

And, or, nor, and as well as* connect adverbs and pre- 
positive phrases. 

That, and the adverbial conjunctions, as well as the 
comparative adverbial conjunctions, connect the verbal 
forms, and the phrases formed by the help of the verb, 
participle, and gerundive. 

All the conjunctions, except the correspondive, and 
also, likewise, and too, connect the verbal forms. 

When two or more nouns in the singular number are 
connected by and, they require the verb to which they 
are nominative, to be in the plural number. 

When two or more nouns in ihe singular number are 
connected by and, they require the noun which refers to 
the same things, and the pronoun which stands for them, 
to be in the plural number. 

Exception 1. When two or more nouns in the singular number, con- 
nected by and, have reference to the same thing, they require the verbs, j 
nouns, and pronouns, which refer to them, to be in the singular number. 

Exception 2. When two or more nouns in the singular number, con- 
nected by and. are preceded by each, every, or no, they require the verbs, 
nouns, and pronouns, which refer to them in the same sentence, to be in the 
singular number. But they commonly admit a pronoun in the plural 
number to represent them in the following sentence. 

Exception 3. When one noun, connected to another by and, is neg- 
atively distinguished, it belongs to a different verbal form, a part of which 
is understood. It does not, therefore, affect the verbal form to which it 
is connected. 

Exception 4. When one noun, connected to another by and, is em- 
phatically distinguished by also, likewise, or too, it belongs to a different 
verbal form, a part ol which is understood. It does not, therefore, affect 
the words in the verbal form to which it is connected. 
1 



HAZEN'S PRACTICAL GRAMMAR. 173 



With and together with are often equivalent to and -in connecting nouns ; 
but a noun so connected to another, does not affect the verb, unless it is an 
essential part of the agent, as in the following example ; The king, with 
the lords and commons, constitute the supreme government in England. 

When one noun is connected to another by as well av, it belongs to a 
different verbal form, a part of which is understood. It does not, there- 
fore, affect the verbal form to which it is connected. 

When two or more nouns, in the singular number, are 
connected by or or nor, they require the verb to which 
they are nominative, to be in the singular number. 

When two or more nouns, in the singular number, are 
connected by or or nor, they require the noun which refers 
to the same thing, and the pronoun which stands for them 
individually, to be in the singular number 

When the nominatives, connected by or or nor, are 
of different numbers, and of the third person, the plural 
nominative should be placed next to the verb, which 
should agree with it in the plural number. 

When two or more pronouns, or nouns and pronouns, 
are connected by and, they require the verb to which they 
are nominative, to be in the plural number ; but, when 
they are of different persons, the verb must agree in per- 
son with the first person in preference to the second, 
and with the second in preference to the third. 

When two or more pronouns, or nouns and pronouns, 
are connected by and, the pronoun which stands for them, 
should be in the plural number, to agree with them ; but, 
when they are of different persons, the pronoun shculd 
agree in person with the first person in preference to the 
second, and with the second in preference to the third. 

When two or more nominatives of difFerent persons 



15* 



174 



hazen's practical grammar. 



are connected by or or nor, the verb must agree with 
that placed next to it. 

When the nominatives require different forms of the verb, it is often 
more elegant to express the verb or its auxiliary in connexion with each 
of them. 

In arranging nouns connected by and, or, or nor, they should be placed 
in the order in which they are to be regarded or honored, the most wor- 
thy being placed first. In arranging nouns and pronouns of different 
persons, the second person should commonly be placed before the third, 
and the first should be placed last, except sometimes in confessing a 
fault. 

When a collective noun is so combined with other 
words, that the objects composing the collection^ are re- 
ferred to individually, the verb to which it is nominative, 
should be in the plural number. 

When a collective noun is so combined with other 
words, that the objects composing the collection, are re- 
ferred to individually, the pronoun which stands for it, 
should be in the plural number. 

When a collective noun, in the singular number, is so 
combined with other words, that the objects composing 
the collection, are referred to collectively, the verb to 
which it is nominative, should be in the singular number. 

When a collective noun, in the singular number, is so 
combined with other words, that the objects composing 
the collection, are referred to collectively, the pronoun 
which stands for it, should be in the singular number. 

Adverbial conjunctions connect verbal forms, and 
qualify the verbs in the verbal forms so connected. 

Adverbial conjunctions connect phrases and verbal 
forms, and qualify the verbs, participles, or gerundives 
in the phrases, and the verbs in the verbal forms. 



IIAZEN'S PRACTICAL GRAMMAR. 



175 



1. ADDITIONAL CONJUNCTIONS. 

And Too Furthermore 

As well as That Besides 

Also Farther Nay 

Likewise Further Moreover 

These conjunctions imply an addition to what may 
have preceded. 

2. ALTERNATIVE CONJUNCTIONS. 
Or Nor Else Otherwise 
These conjunctions express an alternative of what 
precedes, and of what follows. 

3. CORRESPONDIVE CONJUNCTIONS. 
- Both Whether Not only As 

Either Neither Though So 

These conjunctions are so placed in sentences, that 
they require another conjunction to be placed in another 
part of them. 

THE CORRESPONDIVE CONJUNCTIONS TOGETHER WITH THE 
CONJUNCTIONS ASSOCIATED WITH THEM. 



Both 

Either ) 
Whether j 
Neither 
Not only 
Though 



And 

Or 

Nor 
But 
Yet 



As 
As 
So 
So 
If 



As 

So 

As 

That 

Then 



GENERAL RULE FOR PUNCTUATION. 

The part of speech or phrase which has an equal 
bearing upon two or more words connected by and, or. 



176 



IIAZEN'S PRACTICAL GRAMMAR. 



or nor, is preceded by a comma, when the comma is in- 
serted between the words so connected. 

Exception. — A noun, preceded by two or more adjectives belonging 
to it, should not be preceded by a comma. 

nouns connected by and, or, nor, on as well as. 

RULES FOR PUNCTUATION. 

When three or more nouns are connected by and, or, 
or nor, a comma is inserted between them. 

When two words, connected by or, have reference to 
the same thing-, the latter is a mere alternative in word, 
not in idea. It is, therefore, separated from the rest of 
the sentence by the comma. 

When one noun is connected to another by as well as, 
it, together with its appendage, if any, is separated from 
the rest of the sentence by the comma. 

When one noun is connected to another by with or 
together icith, it is separated from the rest of the sen- 
tence by the comma. 

When nouns follow each other in pairs, a comma is 
inserted between the pairs. 

,-When the conjunction and is suppressed between two 
nouns, a comma is inserted between them. 

When one noun, connected to another noun by and, 
is negatively or emphatically distinguished, it, together 
with its appendage, if any, is separated from the rest 
of the sentence by the comma. 

Examples for Parsing and Imitation. 

John and Henry have gone to school. 
John or Henry has gone to school. 
Frances and Elizabeth are diligent in study. 
Frances or Elizabeth should become a teacher. 



IIAZKN'S PRACTICAL GRAMMAR. 



177 



Frances, as well as Elizabeth, should become a teacher. 

A few neighbors and several strangers have assembled to hear 
preaching. 

The learned parson and his pious deacon are harmonious in 
their religious opinions. 

My son or my grandson is to go to the city to-day. 

My father or my brother is about to mortgage his farm. 

My father, as well as my brother, is about to mortgage his 
farm. 

Some apples or some peaches should be sent to our city 
cousins. 

The settler, apprehending a famine or some other disaster, 
left the country in great haste. 

My son and my daughter, having been carefully educated, 
may be left with confidence to their personal resources. 

No man or woman of spirit will submit to such indignities. 

Wheat, coal, and iron, are staple commodities of Pennsylvania. 

The world has often been scourged by war, pestilence, and 
famine. 

The world may be soon scourged by war, pestilence, or famine. 



EXAMPLES OF PARSING. 
John and Henry have gone to school. 

And is an additional conjunction, and connects John 
and Henry. 

Rule. And, or, nor, and as well as, connect similar 
parts of speech. 

Have gone is an irregular, intransitive verb, indicative 
mode, present perfect tense, plural number, third person, 
and agrees with John and Henry. 

Rule. When two or more nouns in the singular 
number are connected by and, they require the verb to 
which they are nominative, to be in the plural number. 



178 



HAZEN'S PRACTICAL GRAMMAR. 



My brother has just purchased one horse, two cows, twelve 
hogs, and twenty sheep of this man and his son. 

This neighbor, having determined to remove to Indiana or 
Illinois, is about to sell houses, lands, goods, and chattels at 
public sale. 

There is a natural difference between merit and demerit, vir- 
tue and vice, wisdom and folly. 

Learning and ignorance, wisdom and folly, are strangely com- 
bined in this celebrated man. 

Honor, virtue, every consideration, demand our submission to 
just authority. 

In prohibiting profane language, as well as obscene expres- 
sions, the professors have a special regard to the morals and the 
dignity of the students. 

This philosopher and poet was banished from his country. 

Your friend and patron has been very generous. 

Why is dust and ashes proud? 

Each man and each woman carries in the hand an evergreen, 
branch. 

Every man and woman in the town is a zealous advocate for 
temperance. 

John or Henry has gone to school. 
Or is an alternative conjunction, and connects John 
and Henry. 

Rule. Jlnd, or, nor, and as well as, connect similar 

parts of speech. 

Has gone is an irregular, intransitive verb, indicative 
mode, present perfect tense, singular number, third per- 
son, and agrees with John or Henry. 

Rule. When two or more nouns in the singular num- 
ber are connected by or or nor, they require the verb to 
whieh they are nominative, to be in the singular number. 



HAZEN'S PRACTICAL GRAMMAR. 179 

Every limb and every feature has been portrayed with surpri- 
sing accuracy. 

Every man, woman, and child, in the settlement, was slain by 
the savage foe. 

John, and not Henry, has gone to school. 

Benevolence, and not ostentation, has prompted these charities. 

"Love, and love only, is the loan for love." 

"Ay, and no too, was no good divinity." 

My son, and also my daughter, has gone to France. They 
went together in the last packet. 

My son, and likewise my daughter, has gone to France. 

The house, with its furniture, was consumed. 

The farmer's horses, cattle, hogs, and sheep, together with 
his household goods, were sold by the sheriff. 

The captain, having disposed of the ship, together with the 
cargo, returned to his own country in another vessel. 

The king, with the lords and commons, constitute the supreme 
government in England. 

In the sentence, A few neighbors and several strangers have 
assembled to hear preaching, and connects a few neighbors and 

|j several strangers ; and the verb have assembled is in the plural 

I number, third person, and agrees with neighbors and strangers. 

i Rule. The verb must agree with its nominative case in num- 

i ber and person. 

In the sentence, Frances, as well as Elizabeth, should become 
a teacher, Elizabeth is nominative case to should become un- 
derstood. 

In the sentence, This philosopher and poet was banished 
from his country, icas is in the singular number, and third per- 
son, and agrees with philosopher and poet. Rule. When two 
or more nouns in the singular number, connected by and, have 
reference to the same thing, they require the verbs, nouns, and 
pronouns, which refer to them, to be in the singular number. 



180 



HAZEN'S PRACTICAL GRAMMAR. 



NOTJNS CONNECTED BY Ctnd, OT, OR nor, ACCOMPANIED 
BY A CORRESPONDIVE CONJUNCTION. 

Examples for Parsing and Imitation. 

My son and my daughter have both gone to France. 

Both my son and my daughter have gone to France. 

Either my son or my daughter will go to France. 

Neither my son nor my daughter will go to France. 

Both Peter and Paul were eminent apostles. 

Saints Peter and Paul were both eminent apostles. 

This doctrine cannot be supported by the writings of either 
Saint Peter or Saint Paul. 

This doctrine can be supported by the writings of neither St. 
Peter nor St. Paul, 

Some physicians love both the study and the practice of 
medicine. 

Some physicians love neither the study nor the practice of 
medicine. 

Both the culprit and the witness were confined in prison to 
the day of trial. 

Neither the culprit nor the witness was confined in prison 
to the day of trial. 

This was not the opinion of either the judge or the jury. 

This was the opinion of neither the judge nor the jury. 

Knowing both the author and the publisher of the book, I 
may be prejudiced in its favor through personal friendship. 

Knowing neither the author nor the publisher of the book, I 
cannot be prejudiced in its favor through personal friendship. 

This temperate youth could be persuaded to drink neither 
wine nor ale. 



Note.— In parsing also, likewise, and too, as well as the correspondive 
conjunctions, it is only necessary to name the class to which the word be- 
| longs, and tke conjunction with which it is used. 



HAZEN'S PRACTICAL GRAMMAR, IS1 

nouns connected by and, or, nor, or as well as, 

ACCOMPANIED BY S03IE PHRASE. 
RULES FOR PUNCTUATION. 

When two or more nouns, connected by and, or, or 
?ior, are followed each by a phrase, or by an adjective 
accompanied by a phrase, a comma is inserted between 
them. 

When two nouns are connected by and, or, or nor, 
and one of them has a phrase depending upon it, which 
does not bear equally on the other, a comma is inserted 
between them. 

Examples for Parsing ana Imitation. 

A merchant from Virginia, and a lawyer from Massachusetts, 
falling in company, began a conversation on politics. 

A yoke of oxen, or a pair of horses, is indispensible in cultiva- 
ting even a small farm. 

A gentleman on horseback, and a lady and several children 
in a carriage, have just rode up to the hotel. 

You must procure for dinner either a round of beef, or a leg 
of mutton. ' 

I could procure for dinner neither a round of beef, nor a leg 
of mutton. 

Caution in buying goods, and promptitude in paying for them, 
are commendible trails in a country merchant. 

A politician wiihout popularity, a lawyer without clients, a 
physician wiihout patients, and an author without patronage, 
are each in a deplorable condition. 

God created the beasts of the field, the fowls of the air, and 
the fishes of the sea, as well as every creeping thing. 

Take the helmet of salvation, and the sword of the spirit. 
Apply thy heart unto instructions, and thine ears to the words 
of knowledge. 



15 



182 



HAZEN'S PRACTICAL GRAMMAR. 



God made the sun to shine by day, and the moon to give 
light by night. 

This good man has a mind conscious of rectitude, as well as 
a heart lull of compassion. 

The governor, and several members of the legislature, are 
said to be in secret conclave in the council chamber. 

We saw, at the party, some beautiful ladies, and many gen- 
tlemen of fine appearance. 

In our excursion, we shall need fishing tackle, and a bag to 
hold the fish. 

NOUNS, OR NOUNS AND PRONOUNS, OF DIFFERENT NUMBERS, 
CONNECTED BY 01' OR UOT. 

Examples for Parsing and Imitation. 

Neither the captain nor the sailors were lost in this disastrous 
shipwreck. 

Were the passengers or driver injured by this accident? 
Neither the driver nor the passengers have tasted food during 
the day. 

Neither the clergyman nor his people were spared in this 
merciless persecution. 

Were the clerks, or the merchant himself, guilty of cheating 
this simple countryman. 

The governor, or the friends of the unfortunate man, have 
offered a generous reward for the apprehension of the villains. 
The general himself or two subordinate officers are to inspect 
the army in a few days. 

Neither the president nor his supporters can adduce sufficient 
reasons for so many removals from office. 

Neither their destination nor numbers were known. 
Neither was their destination, nor were their numbers, 
known. 

Neither was her wealth nor personal charms great. 
Neither was her wealth, nor were her personal charms, great. 



HAZEN'S PRACTICAL GRAMMAR. 



183 



PRONOUNS, AND NOUNS AND PRONOUNS, OF DIFFERENT PERSONS, 

connected by and and as ivell as. 

Examples for Parsing and Imitation. 

You, and your brother, and I, are nearly equal in our attain- 
ments. 

You and my uncle appear to agree in your political opinions. 

My father and I have just returned from our pleasant excur- 
sion into the country. 

My brother and I, assisted by our dog Rover, caught an old 
opossum and seven young ones. 

You and your sister, as well as several other pupils, have 
made great progress in your studies at the academy. 

I and my brother turned over the inkstand. 



EXAMPLES OF PARSING. 

You, and your brother, and I, are nearly equal 

in our attainments. 

Are is an irregular, intransitive verb, indicative mode, 
present tense, plural number, and agrees with you, 
brother, and I, in number, and with I in person. 

Rule. When two or more pronouns, or nouns and 
pronouns, are connected by and, they require the verb 
to which they are nominative, to be in the plural num- 
ber ; but, when they are of different persons, the verb 
must agree in person with the first person in preference 
to the second, and with the second in preference to the 
third. 

Our is a personal pronoun, and agrees with you, broth- 
er, and /, in number, and with / in person. 

Rule. When two or more pronouns, or nouns and 
pronouns, are connected by and, the pronoun which 
stands for them, should be in the plural number to agree 



184 



HAZEN'S PRACTICAL GRAMMAR. 



I and the dog caught a gray squirrel in the cornfield. 

You and I, as well as my brother James, ought to finish our 
professional studies in one year. 

The governor, the secretary of state, and many subordinate 
officers of the government, reside in this city. 

NOMINATIVES OF DIFFERENT PERSONS AND NUMBERS, 
CONNECTED BY OV OR TiOT. 

Examples for Parsing and Imitation. 

Either I or the clerk has committed a great blunder. 
Either I or my son is in fault in this matter. 
Either I am in fault in this matter, or my son is. 
Thou or he is the author of this mischief. 
Either thou or he is to be the representative from this county. 
John, Mary, or I, am to spend the winter in Baltimore. 
Neither he nor you were justly treated by these traders. 
Were they, or was I, expected to pay the reckoning? 

with them; but, when they are of different persons, 
the pronoun should agree in person with the first per- 
son in preference to the second, and with the second 
in preference to the third. 

Our is in the possessive case, and is governed by 
attainments. 

Rule. One noun governs another noun or pronoun 
that depends upon it in the possessive case. 

Hither I or the clerk has committed a great blunder. 

Has committed is a regular, transitive verb, indicative 
mode, present perfect tense, singular number, third per- 
son, and agrees with clerk. 

Rule. When two or more nominatives of different 
persons are connected by or or nor, the verb must agree 
with that placed next to it. 

— ii 



HAZEN'S PRACTICAL GRAMMAR. 185 

Thou, Horace or I, am soon to leave home to learn a trade. 

John, Harriet, or you, are to go to the academy in a few days. 

You, John, or Harriet, is to go to the academy in a few days. 

My cousin or I shall obtain the premium at our examination. 

My father or T shall go to Washington to obtain a patent for 
his new machine. 

They invited neither my sister nor me to the party. We 
were not anxious for an invitation. 

I saw you or your brother yesterday. You look much alike. 

COLLECTIVE NOUNS APPLIED IN SENTENCES. 

Examples for Parsing and Imitation. 

Some people have no opinion of their own. 

The mob is composed of fellows of the baser sort. 



EXAMPLES OF PARSING. 
Some, people have no opinion of their own. 

Have is an irregular transitive verb, indicative mode, 
present tense, plural number, third, person, and agrees 
with people. 

Rule. When a collective noun is so combined with 
other words, that the objects composing the collection, 
are referred to individually, the verb to which it is 
nominative, should be in the plural number. 

Their is a personal pronoun, plural number, third per- 
son, and agrees with people. 

Rule. When a collective noun is so combined with 
other words, that the objects composing the collection, 
are referred to individually, the pronoun which stands 
for it, should be in the plural number. 

Their is in the possessive case, and is governed by opinion 
understood. Rule. One noun governs another noun or pro- 
noun that depends upon it in the possessive case. 

16* 



186 



hazen's practical grammar. 



The mob were alarmed at ihe assault of the soldiers. 

The crew of the vessel was a very good one. 

The crew were invited into the cabin to hear preaching. 

The multitude is very large, indeed. 

The multitude are in want of food. Send them away to 
their homes. 

In France, as well as in nearly every other country, the 
peasantry constitutes the majority of the population. 

In France, the peasantry commonly go barefooted. 

Never was any nation so infatuated. 

Never was any nation so much divided into factions. 

Part of the ship's cargo was preserved by another vessel. 

A great number of strangers was present. 

The public have been warned against taking these notes. 

The committee were divided in their opinions on this subject. 

The cabinet cannot agree in their opinions. 

The noble army of martyrs praise thee, O God. 

The church has no power to inflict corporal punishments. 

There is a flock of wild geese. 

The army has been defeated with great slaughter. 

All the world are spectators of your conduct. 

The regiment consists of a thousand men. 

adjectives connected by and, or, nor, and as well as. 

RULES FOR PUNCTUATION. 

When three or more adjectives are connected by and 
or, or nor, a comma is inserted between them. 

When one adjective is connected to another by as 
well as, the latter, with its appendages, if any, is separa- 
ted from the rest of the sentence by the comma. 

When adjectives follow each other in pairs, a comma 
is inserted between the pairs. 

When the conjunction and is suppressed between two 
adjectives, a comma is inserted between them. 



HAZEN'S PRACTICAL GRAMMAR. 



187 



Examples for Parsing and Imitation. 

Industrious and economical persons are likely to obtain a 
competency. 

A being, infinitely wise and good, will not unnecessarily 
afflict his creatures. 

A person, querulous, censorious, or quarrelsome, will ever be 
disagreeable and contemptible. 

This loafer is idle and miserably poor. 

Our parson is very learned and very pious. 

The lady was reserved and modest, as well as beautiful. 

David was a brave, wise, and virtuous prince. 

This clergyman is a good and a faithful preacher. 

We should venerate wise and good men. 

We may, with justice, shun idle or vicious persons. 

The butcher has some good and some indifferent beef. 

This farmer owns two good and three very poor farms. 

We will sing the first and second verses of the ninth psalm. 

The twelfth or thirteenth hymn will be appropriate. 

We arrived at our homes, wet, weary, and hungry. 

We must buy five or six apples for the children. 

Kind and generous men will be esteemed. 

Boys should endeavor to become good, as well as wise men. 

Having become old and infirm, he determined to reside with 
a son or a daughter. 

The servant, being ignorant, as well as unfaithful, was sent 
home to his master. 

The youth escaped many snares by avoiding dissipated and 
vicious company. 

The young Indian determined to become a pious, as well as a 
civilized man. 

Truth is fair and artless, simple and sincere, uniform and con- 
sistent. 

I am a plain, blunt man. 



188 



HAZEN'S PRACTICAL GRAMMAR. 



ADJECTIVES CONNECTED BY and, Or, OR UOr, ACCOMPANIED 

BY ANOTHER CONJUNCTION. 

RULE FOR PUNCTUATION. 

When one adjective, connected to another by and, 
is negatively or emphatically distinguished, a comma 
is inserted between them. 

Examples for Parsing and Imitation. 

The horse is both lame and blind. 

The horse is lame and blind both. 

The horse is lame, and also blind. 

The horse is lame, and likewise blind. 

The horse is lame, and blind too. 

The horse is either lame or blind. 

The horse is neither lame nor blind. 

He is both a friendly and a civil man. 

A man, either drunk or foolish, or both, has just gone down 
the road. 

A man, neither lame nor blind, old nor decrepit, sits begging 
by the wayside. 

A man, both lame and blind, old and decrepit, sits begging 
by the wayside. 

The pleurisy is a severe, and also a dangerous disease. 

The pleurisy is both a severe and a dangerous disease. 

The dealer is censured for being neither honest nor frugal. 

The drayman was respected for being both honest and tem- 
perate. 

The preacher, being sincere, and likewise earnest in his man- 
ner, succeeded in making an impression on the audience. 

The preacher, being neither sincere nor earnest in his man- 
ner, failed to make an impression on the audience. 

"Liberal, not lavish, is kind nature's hand." 

The laborer is fatigued, and not lazy. 



HAZEN'S PRACTICAL GRAMMAR. 



189 



adjectives connected bf and, or, nor, or as well as, 

FOLLOWED BY SOME PHRASE. 

When two or more adjectives, are connected by and, 
or, nor, or as well as, and one or each of them has a 
phrase depending upon it, which does not bear equally 
upon the rest, such adjective with its phrase is separa- 
ted from the rest of the sentence by the comma. 

Examples for Parsing and Imitation. 

Men are wicked by nature, and corrupt in practice. 

Your horse is beautiful in form and color, as well as fast and 
easy in his gaits. 

Our physician is skilful in his profession, as well as easy in 
his manners. 

The professor is indefatigable in teaching, and likewise strict 
in discipline. 

This officer was wise and prudent in council, as well as 
brave and skilful in action. 

This officer was neither wise and prudent in council, nor brave 
and skilful in action. 

A stranger, ugly in aspect, and uncouth in manner, was at 
the party lest evening. 

To censorious persons, strangers are always ugly or insignifi- 
cant in aspect, or uncouth or haughty in manner. 

This speculator was prudent in buying property, and lucky 
in selling it. 

My agent is diligent in collecting moneys, and prompt in pay- 
ing them over. 

Civilized persons are apt to be pleasant at home, and affable 
in company. 

The preacher, being deficient in literature, and dull in his 
manner of preaching, was not acceptable to the people. 

A preacher sometimes deserves censure for being deficient in 
literature, or dull in his manner of preaching. 



190 



HAZEN'S PRACTICAL GRAMMAR. 



veres connected by and, or, nor, or as ivell as. 

RULES FOR PUNCTUATION. 

When three or more verbs are connected by and, or, 
or nor, a comma is inserted between them. 

When verbs follow each other in pairs, a comma is 
inserted between the pairs. 

When one verb is connected to another by as well as, 
it is separated from the rest of the sentence by the 
comma. 

When one verb, connected to another by and, is neg- 
atively or emphatically distinguished, a comma is in- 
serted between them. 

Examples for Parsing and Imitation. 

William can hop, skip, jump, and run. 

William can hop, skip, jump, or run. 

William can read, write, and cipher. 

William can both read and write. 

William can read and write both. 

William can read, and also write. 

William can read, and likewise write. 

William can either read or write. 

William can neither read nor write. 

William can read and write, as well as cipher. 

William could write, and cipher too. 

Jesse caught and saddled the pony. 

Jesse caught, and also saddled, the pony. 

Jesse caught, and likewise saddled, the pony. 

Will you read and spell your lessons. 

Will you read, as well as spell, your lessons. 

I can spell and read, write and cipher. 

Charles reads well, and also writes legibly. 

Charles reads well, and likewise writes legibly. 



IIAZEN'S PRACTICAL GRAMMAR. 191 



verbs connected by and, or, nor, ok as well as, accompanied 

BY SOME DEPENDENT WOED OB PHRASE. 
EULE FOB PUNCTUATION. 

When two or more verbs are connected by and, or, or 
nor, and one or each of them has a word or phrase de- 
pending upon it, which does not bear equally upon both 
or all of them, such verb should be preceded by a comma. 

Examples for Parsing and Imitation. 

Charles reads well, and writes legibly. 

Charles does not read well, or write legibly. 

Charles neither reads well, nor writes legibly. 

Charles reads well, and writes a good hand. 

Andrew ploughed the field, as well as sowed the grain. 

I ploughed the field yesterday, and will sow the grain to-day. 

We should do justly, love mercy, and walk humbly wilh God. 

We will either ride to the city, or walk to the village. 

The farmer ploughs his ground, and plants his corn in the 
spring, and harvests the crop in the fall. 

This gentleman sold his farm, and purchased real estate in 
the city. 

This merchant resides in New Jersey, and carries on business 
in New York. 

This professor loves learning himself, and infuses the same 
spirit into the minds of his pupils. 

I will write a letter, and dispatch it to my friend immediately. 

I saw one farmer driving his cattle, and heard another call- 
ing his hogs. 

We may sympathize with persons in distress, and rejoice 
with them in prosperity. 

The poor fellow could neither pay his fine, nor give security 
for its payment. 

My son has gone to the academy, and will remain there for 
two or three years. 






192 



HAZEN'S PRACTICAL GRAMMAR. 



adveres connected by and, or, nor, or as well as. 

RULES FOR PUNCTUATION. 

When three or more adverbs are connected by and, 
or, or ?ior, a comma is inserted between them. 

When one adverb is connected to another by as well 
as, it is separated from the rest of the sentence by the 
comma. 

When an adverb, connected to another by and, is 
negatively or emphatically distinguished, a comma is 
inserted between them. 

When adverbs follow each other in pairs, a comma is 
inserted between the pairs. 

Examples for Parsing and Imitation. 

The horse paces easily, beautifully, and rapidly, 

The horse paces easily, as well as gracefully. 

The horse paces both easily and gracefully. 

The horse does not pace either easily or gracefully. 

The horse paces neither easily nor gracefully. 

The horse paces easily, and also gracefully. 

The horse paces easily, and likewise gracefully. 

The horse paces easily, and gracefully too. 

Drive the horses slowly and carefully, and not so dashingly. 

The work shall be well and expeditiously done. 

Will the journal be published weekly or monthly ? 

The journal will be published monthly, and not weekly. 

Having diligently and carefully examined the subject, my 
opinion in regard to it will be likely to remain unchanged. 

Preachers should aim at speaking correctly, as well as elo- 
quently. 

The heat became more and more intense. 

My daughter has been long and dangerously sick. 

The insects moved up and down, hither and thither. 



HAZEN'S PRACTICAL GRAMMAR. 193 

PREPOSITIONS CONNECTED BY and, or, nor, OR dS Well CIS. 
RULE FOR PUNCTUATION. 

When three or more prepositions are connected by 
and, or, or nor, a comma is inserted between them. 

When one preposition is connected to another by as 
well as, a comma is inserted between them. 

When a preposition connected to another by and, is 
negatively or emphatically distinguished, a comma is 
inserted between them. 

Examples for Parsing and Imitation. 

Many persons both in and out of the church hold these erro- 
neous opinions. 

Many persons in, as well as out of the church, hold these er- 
roneous opinions. 

Many persons in, and also out of the church, hold these erro- 
neous opinions. 

Many persons in, and likewise out of the church, hold these 
erroneous opinions. 

Many persons in, and out of the church too, hold these erro- 
neous opinions. 

Few persons,either in or out of the church, hold these errone- 
ous opinions. 

This tree was much cultivated in and about Burlington 

The goods will be sold at or below the regular price. 

Buffaloes have fled down, as well as across, the prairie. 

My friend lives neither at nor below Annapolis. 

He left this city on or about the fifteenth of August, in the 
year 1839. 

Over and above these claims, I hold a note against him 
amounting to five hundred dollars. 

The senator advanced an argument for, and not against, the 
measure. 

f7 



194 



HAZENS PRACTICAL GRAMMAR. 



PREPOSITIVE PHRASES CONNECTED BY and, Or, nor, OR OS well CIS. 
RULES FOR PUNCTUATION. 

When three or more prepositive phrases are connected 
by and, or, or nor, a comma is inserted between them. 

When one prepositive phrase is connected to another 
by as well as, a comma is inserted between them. 

When one prepositive phrase, connected to another 
by and, is negatively or emphatically distinguished, a 
comma is inserted between them. 

When two prepositive phrases are connected by and, 
or, or nor, and one of them has another phrase or im- 
portant addition of words appended to it. which does not 
bear equally on the other, a comma is inserted between 
them. 

Examples for Parsing and Imitation. 

I saw this man at the hotel, at the church, and at the theatre. 

I saw this man at the hotel, as well as at the theatre. 

I saw this man at the hotel and at the theatre. 

I saw this man both at the hotel and at the theatre. 

I saw this man neither at the hotel nor at the theatre. 

I saw this man at the hotel, and not at the theatre. 

I saw this man at the hotel, and also at the theatre. 

The lad is fond of hooks, as well as of sport. 

This station is above my reach and beyond my deserts. 

The goods will be sold under the regular price and at consid- 
erable sacrifice. 

The young lady will accomplish the journey in company 
with her brother, or under the protection of a trusty friend. 

My son is unwilling to pursue his studies either at this acad- 
emy, or at any other school so deficient in good government. 

We were charmed with the beauty of the country, and with 
the music of the birds. 



hazen's practical grammar. 



195 



ADVERBS AND PREPOSITIVE PHRASES, CONNECTED BY 

and, or, nor, or as well as. 

Examples for Parsing and Imitation. 

This author composes beautifully, accurately, and with sur- 
prising facility. 

This author composes beautifully, as well as with remark- 
able accuracy. 

This author composes neither beautifully nor with accuracy. 

The clergyman addressed the congregation earnestly and with 
considerable effect. 

I saw my friend either here or at the springs. 

I saw my friend here, and not at the springs. 

The workmen are laboring industriously and in great harmony. 

The workmen, having executed their contract faithfully and 
with despatch, received the thanks of the board of the public 
works. 

PARTICIPIAL PHRA.SES CONNECTED BY and, Or, 7lOr, OR as Well as. 
RULES FOR PUNCTUATION. 

When three or more participial phrases are connected 
by and, or, or nor, a comma is inserted between them. 

When one participial phrase is connected to another 
by as well as, it is separated from the rest of the sen- 
tence by the comma. 

When a participial phrase, connected to another by 
and, is negatively or emphatically distingushed, a com- 
ma is inserted between them. 

When two or more participial phrases are connected 
by and, or, or nor, and one or both of them are compo- 



Note. — The rules for punctuation relating to the participial phrases 
are also applicable to the gerundive phrases, to the prepositive gerundive 
phrases, and to the infinitive phrases. They need not, therefore, be re- 
peated. 



196 



HAZEN'S PRACTICAL GRAMMAR. 



sed in part of a noun or pronoun or an adjective, a com- 
ma is inserted between them. 

When two or more participial phrases are connected 
by and, or, or nor, and one or both of them are accom- 
panied by an adverb, or by another phrase which does 
not bear equally on each of them, a comma is inserted 
between them. 

Examples for Parsing and Imitation. 

The teacher found his pupils hopping, skipping, and jumping. 

The mob came down the street, whooping, yelling, and 
swearing. 

I have heard the lady weeping and lamenting on account of 
her misfortunes. 

I have heard the lady weeping, as well as lamenting, on ac- 
count of her misfortunes. 

I have heard the lady both weeping and lamenting on account 
of her misfortunes. 

Being a good mechanic, and being industrious, he can hardly 
fail to acquire property. 

Being a good mechanic and an accurate accountant, and being 
also industrious and economical, he can hardly fail to acquire 
property. 

This countryman, having a good farm, and being likewise a 
thrifty manager, fills his house with necessaries for his family, 
and his barns with provender for his stock. 

This gentleman having settled his affairs, and having visited 
his friends, left his country for a distant clime. 

This distinguished individual, having sold his estate, settled 
his business, and bid adieu to his friends, left his country to re- 
side in America. 

A lad walking in a garden, and humming a tune with a merry 
heart, trod on a serpent concealed in his path. 

This young merchant having been often seen inebriated, 



HAZEN'S PRACTICAL GRAMMAR. 197 



and having also been often associated with suspicious characters, 
was finally discarded by the friends of sobriety and correct morals. 

Having either paid the cash, or secured its payment by sat- 
isfactory security, he obtained possession of the property. 

Having neither paid the cash, nor secured its payment by 
satisfactory security, he failed to obtain the property. 

The young man having been idle at college, and having be- 
come dissipated in his habits, lost the confidence of his friends. 

GERUNDIVE PHRASES, AND NOUNS AND GERUNDIVE PHRASES, CON- 
NECTED by and, or, nor, or as well as. 

Examples for Parsing and Imitation. 

Eating, drinking, and sleeping, are daily necessary to the ani- 
mal nature of man. 

Walking and riding are healthful exercises. 

Walking, as well as riding, is a healthful exercise. 

Both riding and walking are healthful exercises. 

Walking, and also riding, is a healthful exercise. 

Neither riding nor walking is an unhealthy exercise. 

Reading, and not spelling, is to be the next exercise. 

The law of God forbids lying and profane swearing, as well 
as bearing false witness, and disobedience to parents. 

His being sick, and his being friendless, originated alike from 
his dissipated habits. 

Catching fish, and hunting wild animals, are the chief em- 
ployment of the inhabitants. 

Sleeping too much, and working too little, are faults of per- 
sons called indolent. 

Exposure to rain, and sleeping in damp clothes, were the 
causes of his indisposition. 

Praying sincerely, and swearing profanely, cannot be contin- 
ued by the same individual. 

The traveller was careful to avoid becoming wet, and sleep- 
ing in damp sheets. 

__ _ 



198 hazen's practical grammar. 



PREPOSITIVE GERUNDIVE PHRASES CONNECTED EY Cindy Or, 

nor, or as well as. 

Examples for Parsing and Imitation. 

The inhabitants live by fishing and hunting. 

The inhabitants live by catching fish, as well as by hunting 
wild animals. 

The inhabitants live neither by catching fish, nor by hunting 
wild animals. 

The inhabitants live both by catching fish, and by hunting 
wild animals. 

The inhabitants live by cultivating the soil, and not by fish- 
ing and hunting. 

The inhabitants live by cutting timber, and likewise by cul- 
tivating the soil. 

This young man took great delight in being odd, and in teas- 
ing his companions. 

During our voyage, we whiled away the time in reading 
good books, in writing a journal, and in studying navigation. 

My friend is engaged in cultivating the soil, and in editing a 
newspaper. 

The old gentleman amused the children by recounting his 
adventures, and by telling stories. 

The students were admonished for going so far from the 
academy, and for making so much noise. 

This collegian recoiled from becoming a preacher of the gos- 
pel, and especially from becoming a missionary. 

He gained access to the garden without being injured, and 
without being: discovered. 



Note. — By fishing and hunting may be parsed as a compound or dou- 
ble prepositive gerundive phrase ; or it may be treated as two phrases 
connected by and with by understood before hunting. Some grammari- 
ans parse such words as fishing and hunting as nouns ; but this is evidently 
erroneous, because they often govern nouns in the objective case, and 
also because they are frequently qualified by the adverb. 



HAZEN'S PRACTICAL GRAMMAR. 199 



PREPOSITIVE PHRASES AND PREPOSITIVE GERUNDIVE PHRASES 

connected by and, or, nor, or as well as. 

Examples for Parsing and Imitation. 

The pupil was punished for idleness, and for being a truant. 

The colonel was cashiered for peculation, and for being a 
coward. 

This gentleman accumulated a large fortune by speculation, 
and by selling goods. 

The culprit was condemned for theft, and for being concerned 
in a rebellion. 

The bishop cautioned the preacher against being slack in 
government, and against negligence in preparing his sermons. 

Our teacher has been censured for being slack in discipline, 
or for negligence in instructing his pupils. 

This landholder was despised both for being severe towards 
his tenants, and for his knavery in dealing. 

INFINITIVE PHRASES CONNECTED BY and, OV, UOT, OR as Well US. 

Examples for Parsing and Imitation. 

The lad is able to read, write, and cipher. 

The lad is able to write, as well as cipher. 

The lad is able both to read and to write. 

The lad is able to read, and also to write. 

The lad is able to write, and cipher too. 

The lad is able to read or to write. 

The lad is able neither to read nor to write. 

The lad is not able to read or to write. 

The lad reads badly, and writes carelessly. 

The youth has come to work, and not to play. 

I have determined to sell my farm, and purchase a steam- 
boat to run on the Mississippi. 

The teacher finally induced his refractory pupil to attend to 
his studies, and to submit to wholesome discipline. 



200 



HAZEN'S PRACTICAL GRAMMAR. 



Will you be so good as to be silent, and hear me read ? 

This young man is determined to acquire knowledge, and to 
become a useful citizen. 

The Lord Jesus Christ commanded his disciples to tarry at 
Jerusalem, and wait for the promise of the Father. 

For so gross a violation of order, the student ought to be re- 
proved by the president, and be expelled from the institution. 

I saw a poor woman call at a house, and beg for some cold 
victuals. 

This tradesman is about to dispose of his stock in trade, and 
purchase a farm, in Iowa. 

INFINITIVE PHRASES, CONNECTED BY and, Or, OR CIS well CIS, 
USED AS NOMINATIVE CASE TO THE VERB. 

Examples for Parsing and Imitation. 

To go and come will occupy two days. 

To see the falls, and to partake of a good dinner at the hotel, 
are the objects of our present visit. 

To see the falls, and not to partake of a good dinner at the 
hotel, is the object of our present visit. 

To see the falls, as well as to partake of a good dinner at the 
hotel, is the object of our present visit. 

To love God, and to promote the general happiness of man, 
should be the leading purposes of every Christian. 

To purchase a tolerable farm, or to build a comfortable house, 
requires a considerable sum of money. 

To write a good hand, to spell well, and to construct sen- 
tences with accuracy, should be the aim of every student. 



Note. — It may be well to inform the pupil, that, when infinitive phra- 
ses are connected by and, or, or as well as, to, the sign of the infinitive 
mode, is often omitted before the verb or verbs which follow the first, 
even though no preceding verb should require its omission. 

In the last example, good usage sanctions the use of aim, in the singu- 
lar number. 



HAZEN'S PRACTICAL GRAMMAR. 



201 



verbal forms connected by and, or, nor, else, or otherwise. 

RULE FOR PUNCTUATION. 

When two or more verbal forms are connected by 
and, or, nor. else, or otherwise, a comma is inserted be- 
tween them. 

Ex :eption. When the dependance of the verbal forms upon each other 
is not intimate, a semicolon should be used. 

Examples for Parsing and Imitation. 

Mary went to church, and William stayed at home. 

Frederick walked across the field, and I went round by the road. 

Millers grind corn, and bakers bake bread. 

Authors write books, and printers print them. 

I will write a letter, and you may take it to the post office. 

My mother purchased some goods, and the merchant sent 
them to our dwelling by an errand-boy. 

My father and mother went to the country, and stayed there 
during the summer ; and my father's sister kept house for us in 
the mean time. 

Charles is unwell, and Mary is really sick. 

George Washington was a prudent general, and Benjamin 
Franklin was a shrewd politician. 

John was reprimanded by the president, Francis was expelled 
from the institution, and George retired from it in disgust. 

We must rusticate during the hot weather, or we shall suffer 
in health. 

We must study diligently, or we shall disappoint our parents 
in their reasonable expectations. 

The ladies would not drink wine, nor would the gentlemen 
drink brandy. 

I must get my father's consent, else we cannot proceed. 

Repent, else I will come to thee quickly. 

I have not the money, otherwise I would accommodate you. 



202 



HAZEN'S PRACTICAL GRAMMAR. 



VERBAL FORMS CONNECTED BY that. 
RULE FOR PUNCTUATION. 

When two verbal forms are connected by that, a com- 
ma is inserted between them. 

When that is omitted between two verbal forms, or 
when it precedes both of them, a comma is inserted be- 
tween them. 

Exception. When that is the object of a transitive verb, the comma 
need not be inserted before it. In such cases, that sustains the relation 
of both a definitive adjective pronoun and a conjunction. In other 
cases, it might be proved to sustain this twofold relation ; but it is hardly 
worth while to perplex the student with illustrations and explanations 
to prove it. 

Examples for Parsing and Imitation. 

1 go to school, that I may acquire an education. 

My son was so sick, that we could not pursue our journey 
for several days. 

Some of my pupils are so inconsiderate, that they will not 
study. 

This merchant is such a knave, we cannot safely deal with 
him. 

I hate deception so heartily, that I cannot respect adeceptious 
person. 

He has met with such success in several speculations, that 
he has concluded to risk his whole fortune in a new adventure. 

That we may please God, and respect ourselves, we should 
endeavor to do right. 

That we may not want bread in old age, we should be indus- 
trious and economical in the prime of life. 

We should be industrious and economical in the prime of 
life, that we may not want bread in old age. 

The gentleman said that he was about to leave the city. 
My parents hope that I shall soon recover my health. 
He fancied that you were greatly displeased. 



. 



HAZEN'S PRACTICAL GRAMMAR. 203 



PHRASES AND VEREAL FORMS CONNECTED BY that. 
RULES FOR PUNCTUATION. 

When a phrase and a verbal form are connected by 
that, a comma is inserted between them. 

When that is omitted between a phrase and a verbal 
form, a comma is inserted between them. 

Exception. When that is the object of a transitive verb, participle 
or gerundive, the comma need not be inserted before it. In such cases, 
that sustains the relation of both a definitive adjective pronoun and 
a conjunction. 

Examples for Parsing and Imitation. 

My son being so sick, that we could not pursue our journey, 
we turned aside to a pleasant farm-house. 

The merchant being such a knave, that we cannot safely deal 
with him, we shall do well to shun his store. 

Having made up our minds, that any particular course of con- 
duct is wrong, we should perseveringly refuse to pursue it. 
•|/ His being obsequious, that he might obtain the favor of his 
superior officers, excited their contempt. 

The preacher cautions his hearers against complaining that 
the dispensations of Providence are too severe. 

The youth was encouraged to read good books, that he might 
acquire knowledge, and fortify his morals against vicious exam- 
ples. 

The president having declared that he would serve but one 
term, declined being a candidate for re-election. 

This unfortunate man was sustained in his afflictions by be- 
lieving that happiness awaited him in a better world. 

We have reason to fear that some disaster has befallen the 
travellers. 

The Jews were rendered more observant of the rites of hos- 
pitality by the circumstance, that Abraham entertained stran- 
gers unawares. 



204 



HAZEN'S PRACTICAL GRAMMAR. 



VERBAL FORMS IN WHICH ARE APPLIED THE ADDITIONAL 

conjunctions further, furthermore, moreover, also, likewise, 

too, besides, again, more, and nay. 
All these conjunctions, except nay, are commonly 
used with and. 

RULE FOR PUNCTUATION. 

When further, furthermore, moreover, besides, again, 
or more, not preceded by and, is used to continue a sub- 
ject, it is followed by a comma, and preceded by a comma, 
a semicolon, or a period. When used with and, it is 
preceded and followed by the comma. 

When also or likewise is used without and^ to continue 
a subject, it is preceded by a semicolon j but a comma 
is not inserted after it. 

Examples for Parsing and Imitation 

I shall proceed, further, to prove that their arguments are 
founded on false premises. 

He agreed positively to purchase my farm ,' and, furthermore, 
he bargained for my stock and surplus produce. 

He says that the demand is unjust; and, more, he insists that 
you know it to be so. 

Moreover, Job continued his parable, and said. 

Nearly all of my early associates have gone to the world of 
spirits ; and I, too, must soon follow. 

My brother has gone to the inauguration ; and I, also, mean 
to be there. 

Wise men die ; likewise the fool and the brutish man perish. 

I have not visited my native country for twenty years ; be- 
sides, I never expect to see it again. 

The robber asked me for my purse ; nay, he demanded it. 

The judgments of the Lord are true and righteous altogether ; 
moreover, by them is thy servant warned. 



HAZEN'S PRACTICAL GRAMMAR. 



205 



4. ADVERSATIVE CONJUNCTIONS. 

But Nevertheless Still Howbeit 

Yet Notwithstanding However 
These conjunctions are used to introduce sentiments 
or facts differing from others which have preceded them. 
But, like and, is used to connect nouns, adjectives, verbs, 
adverbs, prepositive phrases and adverbs, phrases and ver- 
bal forms. 

SIMILAR PARTS OF SPEECH CONNECTED BY but, EITHER ALONE, 

OR IN conjunction with not only, also, or likewise. 

RULE FOR PUNCTUATION. 

When two words are connected by but, a comma is 
inserted between them. 

Examples for parsing and Imitation. 

My son, but not my daughter, has gone to France. 

We need a pair of horses, but not a yoke of oxen. 

We need not only a pair horses, but also a yoke of oxen. 

Some physicians dislike the study, but not the practice, of 
medicine. 

Some physicians dislike not only the study, but likewise the 
practice, of medicine. 

Learned physicians are right in prohibiting not only quacks, 
but also females, to interfere in their treatment of patients. 

Some diseases are severe, but not dangerous. 

Some diseases are not only severe, but also dangerous. 

The stranger is ugly in person, but elegant in manners. 

The horse paces easily, but not fast. 

The lad writes rapidly, but carelessly. 

The lad writes beautifully, but not with accuracy. 

Many persons not only in, but also out of the church, advocate 
these opinions. 



18 



206 



HAZEN'S PRACTICAL GRAMMAR. 



veebal forms connected by but, yet, nevertheless, howbeit, 
notwithstanding, still, and however. 

When two verbal forms, connected by but, yet, never- 
theless, howbeit, and notwithstanding, are unaccompanied 
by another conjunction, a semicolon is inserted between 
them. 

When however, nevertheless, or notwithstanding, occurs 
in the midst of a verbal form, it is separated from the 
rest of the sentence by the comma. 

Examples for Parsing and Imitation. 

I will call ; but I cannot stay to dine. 

I will call ; yet I cannot stay to dine. 

I will call ; nevertheless I cannot stay to dine. 

I will call ; howbeit I cannot stay to dine. 

I will call; notwithstanding I cannot stay to dine. 

I will call ; I cannot, however, stay to dine. 

lam displeased with his treatment; still I am not willing 
to renounce his friendship. 

He is able to relieve our wants ; but he is unwilling to do so. 

The lad is ignorant ; nevertheless he avoids instruction. 

I have hoed my garden several times , notwithstanding it is 
full of weeds. 

He has heard much good preaching; still he is impenitent. 

I have travelled extensively with the view to select a neigh- 
borhood for a permanent residence ; I cannot, however, fix on any 
desirable spot. 

You have so high an opinion of your plantation, I fear that 
you will ask too much for it. I will, nevertheless, call and view 
it in a few days. 

The people were not well pleased with their preacher. They, 
notwithstanding, paid him the salary agreed upon by the quar- 
terly conference. 



HAZEN'S PRACTICAL GRAMMAR. 



207 



PHRASES CONNECTED BY but, EITHER ALONE OR ACCOMPANIED 

by not only, also, or likewise. 

RULE FOR PUNCTUATION. 

When two phrases, or an adverb and a prepositive 
phrase, are connected by but, a comma is inserted be- 
tween them. 

Examples for Parsing and Imitation. 

I saw this man, not at the theatre, but at the church. 

I have seen this man not only at the theatre, but also at the 
church. 

We can travel not only in the day, but likewise in the night. 

I met my friend not only there, but also in Philadelphia. 

This writer composes not only beautifully, but also with great 
accuracy. 

The rules of the society forbid not only drinking alcohol, and 
the use of tobacco, but also gambling of every description. 

The inhabitants are employed not only in catching fish, but 
also in hunting wild animals. 

The preacher was censured not only for being slack in admin- 
istering the discipline, but also for negligence in preparing for 
the pulpit. 

I have not only determined to sell my farm, but also to remove 
to Iowa. 

VERBAL FORMS CONNECTED BY but, ACCOMPANIED BY UOt OlUy, 

or by not only and also, or likewise* 

RULE FOR PUNCTUATION. 

When two verbal forms, are connected by but, accom- 
panied by not only or by not only and also or likewise, 
a comma is inserted between them. 

Examples for Parsing and Imitation. 

The stranger is not only ugly in person, but he is likewise 
uncouth in manners. 



208 



HAZEN'S PRACTICAL GRAMMAR. 



The horse is not only lame, but he is likewise blind. 

The pleurisy is not only a severe disease, but it is also a 
dangerous one. 

The principal not only reprimanded his pupils, but he chas- 
tised them also. 

This man was not only indicted for arson by the grand jury, 
but the indictment was fully sustained on the subsequent trial. 

5. CAUSATIVE CONJUNCTIONS. 
As Since For 

Because In as much as 

These conjunctions are used to introduce sentences 
expressing a reason or cause. 

RULE FOR PUNCTUATION. 

When an inferential conjunction occurs before or 
between two verbal forms, a comma is inserted between 
them. 

Examples for Parsing and Imitation. 

We regard his opinions, as he is a wise and prudent man. 

As he is a wise and prudent man, we regard his opinions. 

We regard his opinions, because he is a wise and prudent man. 

Because he is a wise and prudent man, we regard his opinions. 

We regard his opinions, since he is a wise and prudent man. 

Since he is a wise and prudent man, we regard his opinions. 

We regard his opinions, inasmuch as he is a wise and pru- 
dent man. 

Inasmuch as he is a wise and prudent man, we regard his 
opinions. 

We regard his opinions, for he is a wise and prudent man. 

As the ten commandments have been ordained by the Supreme 
Being, we are bound to obey them. 

We love him, because he first loved us. 

Since you have come, you would do well to remain. 



HAZEN'S PRACTICAL GRAMMAR. 



209 



I regret that these wicked proceedings have taken place, for 
their tendency is to injure a good cause. 

6. INFERENTIAL CONJUNCTIONS. 
Therefore Then Hence So 

These conjunctions are used to introduce sentences 
expressing an inference or conclusion. 

RULE FOR PUNCTUATION. 

When two verbal forms are connected by an inferen- 
tial conjunction, a semicolon is inserted between them ; 
and the conjunction is separated from the rest of the 
sentence by the comma. 

Examples for Parsing and Imitation. 

Man is a sinner; hence, he has need of a Savior. 

Man is a sinner ; he has, therefore, need of a Savior. 

You acknowledge that man is a sinner ; then, you must admit 
that he has need of a Savior. 

On the whole, I do not think the measure a good one; hence, 
I cannot give it my approval. 

On the whole, I do not think the measure a good one ; so, I 
cannot give it my approval. 

The honest lawyer said to his client, You admit that your 
cause is unjust ; then, why do you expect me to undertake it. 

I could not sell my tobacco for a good price last summer ; so, 
I concluded to keep it over. 

You know that alcohol may undermine your health, ruin 
your reputation, and beggar your family ; why will you not, 
therefore, abandon its use ? 

Every human virtue should be cultivated with diligence ; 
prudence is a human virtue ; therefore, prudence should be cul- 
tivated with diligence. 

Note. — All the inferential conjunctions may be used to introduce the 
inference in a regular syllogism, although they are not all equally elegant. 



18* 



210 



HAZEN'S PRACTICAL GRAMMAR. 



7. ADVERBIAL CONJUNCTIONS. 
As When Whence 

Before Whenever Whither 

After While How 

Since Whilst Why 

Till Where Wherefore 

Until Wherever Whereby 

These conjunctions connect the verbal forms. They 
also connect the verbal forms, and the phrases formed by 
the aid of the participle or gerundive ; and some of them 
connect prepositive phrases and verbal forms. 

RULE FOR PUNCTUATION. 

When two verbal forms are connected by an adverbial 
conjunction, a comma is inserted between them, except 
the cases in which the conjunction immediately follows 
a transitive verb. 

Examples for Parsing and Imitation. 

We had a fine prospect of the falls, as we were crossing the 
river below them. 

As we were crossing the river below the falls, we had a fine 
view of them. 



EXAMPLES OF PARSING. 
We had a fine prospect of the falls, as we were crossing 

the river below them. 
As is an adverbial conjunction. As a conjunction it 
connects two verbal forms, as an adverb it qualifies the 
verb had in the first verbal form, and were crossing in the 
second. 

Rule. Adverbial conjunctions connect verbal forms, 
and qualify the verbs in the verbal forms so connected. 



HAZEN'S PRACTICAL GRAMMAR. 



211 



As the queen was passing by, we had a fair view of her person. 

I cannot accommodate you with a loan, until I return from 
Europe. 

Before I left England, I had some intimation of this project. 

I hope to visit you again, after I have completed my profes- 
sional studies. 

After I have completed my professional studies, I shall com- 
mence business in Kentucky. 

I have not seen an individual from my native state, since I 
left it. 

Since my son removed to that country, he has prospered be- 
yond expectation. 

My father waited, till he could wait no longer. 

Till you have answered this argument, you should not pro- 
ceed to another point in the controversy. 

The Indians remained in ambush, until our army had come 
within gun-shot. 

Until all arrearages have been paid on the subscription, the 
proprietors are not obliged to stop the paper. 

Cutting wood is slow work, when the axe is dull. 

When I saw my brother last, he was in good health. 

Men sink themselves beneath the dignity of their species, 
whenever they speak a falsehood. 

Whenever a man becomes angry, he is apt to lose the power 
of self-control. 

I will read the paper, while you are gone. 

While the regiment was passing by, we noticed the peculiari- 
ties in the uniform of each company. 

Whilst countrymen are in large cities, they should be curious 
to see every thing remarkable. 

When he awoke in the morning, he could not tell where he 
was, until he recognised the servants. 

Where he was he could not tell, until he recognised the 
servants. 



212 



HAZEN'S PRACTICAL GRAMMAR. 



This preacher was beloved, wherever he travelled. 

Wherever this epidemic prevailed, it superseded every other 
acute disease. 

Thou canst not tell whence it comelh, and whither it goeth. 

Whither I go ye know, and the way ye know. 

Have you learned whence this measure originated ? 

Whence this measure originated we do not know. 

How this farmer can pay off his debts, his croaking neighbors 
cannot imagine. 

Revelation informs us how we may please God, and attain to 
everlasting happiness. 

This young lady does not know why she is displeased ; never- 
theless she is determined to continue so. 

This young lady does not know wherefore she is displeased; 
yet she is determined to continue so. 

Why this man conducted himself so absurdly,nobody can tell. 

A kind friend will supply the means, whereby good counsel 
can be obtained. 

PHRASES AND VERBAL FORMS CONNECTED BY ADVERBIAL 
CONJUNCTIONS. 

Examples for Parsing and Imitation. 

Having had a fine prospect of the falls as we were crossing 
the river below them, their aspect is still vivid in my recollec- 
tion. 



EXAMPLES OF PARSING. 
Having had a fine prospect of the falls as we were crossing 

the river below them, their aspect is still vivid in my 

recollection. 

As is an adverbial conjunction. As a conjunction, it 
connects a phrase and a verbal form, and qualifies having 
had in the participial phrase, and were crossing in the 
verbal form. 



HAZEN'S PRACTICAL GRAMMAR. 



213 



Improving the moments as they fly, is called taking time by 
the forelock. 

In discharging all our obligations of duty as they rise, we 
live up to the dignity of human nature. 

We ought to improve the moments as they fly swiftly along. 

Having settled every pecuniary concern before I left home, 
I can be absent for some time without anxiety arising from 
business. 

Calling upon people, without sufficient cause, before they are 
up in the morning, is often inexpedient. 

By eating melons before they are ripe, we incur some hazard. 

The practice of going to church after the service has com- 
menced, should be avoided. 

We were anxious to see our particular friends once more be- 
fore we left the country. 

My son, having been prospered in business since he come to 
this state, has acquired a considerable fortune. 

My father, having waited for us till he could wait no longer, 
left us to make the best of our way to the village alone. 

The savages, having remained in ambush until our little army 
had come within gunshot, raised a hideous cry, and made on us 
a furious attack. 

This farmer failed to make a good crop,through being sick 
until it was too late to prepare the ground as it should be done. 

The people, having learned when the president would pass 
through the village, came in great numbers from the neighbor- 
ing country,to see him. 

Being displeased whenever this subject is mentioned, his 
friends forbear alluding to it even in the most distant manner. 

Rule. Adverbial conjunctions connect phrases and 
verbal forms, and qualify the verbs, participles, or gerun- 
dives in the phrases, and the verbs in the verbal 
forms. 



214 



HAZEN S PRACTICAL GRAMMAR. 



By attending diligently to business while we are in the 
prime of life, we may secure a competency for old age. 

This gentleman was accustomed to visit the places of public 
resort, while he remained in the city. 

Not knowing where he was, he inquired of a stranger the 
direction to the main road. 

The gentleman, not being able to discover whence this ma- 
licious article proceeded, holds the editor responsible for its pub- 
lication. 

Abraham went out, not knowing whither he went. 

Not knowing how he should conduct his affairs under these 
difficult circumstances, he applied to a friend for advice. 

We insisted upon his declaring why he entertained so unfa- 
vorable an opinion of this measure. 

The assembly was confused, the greater part not knowing 
wherefore they had come together. 

This young farmer was aiming to acquire the means whereby 
he might purchase a tract of land in some of the western states. 

Living in a neighborhood where religion was disregarded, they 
occasionally rode to a distant village, to attend public worship. 

To give the reasons why this course should be pursued, would 
occupy too much time. 

Being a proprietor in the office whence this paper is issued, I 
may be presumed to know the amount of its circulation. 

On some occasion before we become particularly acquainted, 
I heard you say that you had practised medicine. 

This work was undertaken at a time when money could be 
borrowed in Europe. 

There is an eminent academy in the village where I reside. 

In the village where I reside, there is an eminent academy. ' 

In every country where I travelled, I met with people, willing 
to relieve strangers in distress. 

In all the places where I have spoken upon the subject, I 
have frankly expressed my opinions. 



HAZEN'S PRACTICAL GRAMMAR. 



215 



8. COMPARATIVE ADVERBIAL CONJUNCTIONS. 

As As — as As — so So — as Than 
These conjunctions are used in the comparison of things, 
and likewise in the comparison of actions and the con- 
dition of things. As — as and than are used with an ad- 
jective or an adverb of comparison. 

VERBAL FORMS CONNECTED BY COMPARATIVE ADVERBIAL 

CONJUNCTIONS. 

RULE FOR PUNCTUATION. 

When two verbal forms are connected by as — so, a 
comma is inserted before so. 

Examples for Parsing and Imitation. 

You must all do as I do. 

We will do as well as we can. 

Philip is as tall as Henry or Augustus. 

J&hn is much taller than either of them. 

John is not so tall as his elder brother. 

A youth may become as wise as his teacher. 

The Psalmist says, I am wiser than my teachers. 

I can write as well as you can. 

I can cut wood much faster than you can. 

The tailor has fitted you far better than me. 

As it is with the priest, so is it with the people. 

As your day is, so shall your strength be. 

I recited my lesson more promptly than you did. 

I cannot remain at school more than a year. 

New York is better situated for commerce than Philadelphia. 

In the second example, do is understood after can ; in the 
third, is after Augustus; in the fourth, is before either or after 
them, &c; without further help, pupils can supply the ellipsis in 
each of the other examples, not only on this, but also on the 
following page. 



216 



HAZEN'S PRACTICAL GRAMMAR. 



PHRASES AND VERBAL FORMS CONNECTED BY COMPARATIVE 
ADVERBIAL CONJUNCTIONS. 

Examples for Parsing and Imitation. 

Having done as all others had done under similar circumstan- 
ces, he felt satisfied with his conduct. 

This gentleman satisfied his conscience by doing as well as 
he could under the circumstances. 

John, being as strong and hardy as his brother, can do as 
much work as he can. 

The youth having become as learned as his old teacher, left 
his school to obtain the instructions of a better scholar. 

Being able to do more and better work than ordinary journey- 
men, he commands higher wages than they. 

The martyr, loving his duty better than life, submitted to be 
consumed at the stake without hesitation. 

Baltimore being more advantageously situated for commerce 
than Philadelphia, will be likely to compete successfully with 
her in trade. 

9. CONDITIONAL CONJUNCTIONS. 

If Though Unless Lest 

If, though, and unless, are used in expressing present 

uncertainty, or a conditional circumstance assumed as a 

fact, future contingency, and suppositions of indefinite 

time. Lest is used only in expressing future contingency. 

If is sometimes combined with but. 

Except is occasionally used instead of unless, although this 
application of the word is not elegant. 

That, in expressing a wish or desire, is used not only with the 
indicative and potential modes, but also with the indefinite past 
tense of the subjunctive. It is also used with the subjunctive 
present, in expressing future contingency. 

Provided, ox it being provided that,is often used instead of if 



HA.ZEN>S PRACTICAL GRAMMAR.. 217 



in all its various applications. In such cases, provided may be 
treated as a participle belonging to it, expressed or understood, 
it being in the independent case. 

rule For punctuation. 
When a conditional conjunction is used before or be- 
tween two verbal forms, a comma is inserted between 
them. 

If, though, and unless, used in expressing present 

UNCERTAINTY, &U» 
RULE OF SYNTAX. 

When a conditional conjunction is used in expressing 
present uncertainty, or a conditional circumstance as- 
sumed as a fact, the verb should be in the indicative or 
potential mode. 

Examples for Parsing and Imitation. 

If this man is poor, he pays his debts. 

If newspapers are sometimes scurrilous, they are, neverthe- 
less, vehicles of much information. 

I will aid my friend, if he desires me to do so. 

Though our outward man perishes, the inward man is renew- 
ed day by day. 

Though he was a son, yet learned he obedience. 

This politician has supported some injudicious measures, al- 
though he is generally prudent. 

I shall succeed in raising the necessary funds, unless money 
is very scarce. 



Note. — To learn the form of the Verb in the subjunctive mode, pupils 
should refer to the conjugation of the several verbs. This mode has but 
two tenses ; viz. the present and the indefinite past. The indefinite past 
tense is used in expressing suppositions of indefinite time, and it might, 
and in fact ought, to be called the indefinite tense. With this explanation 
however, it may be understood just as well as if it had been so denomi- 
nated. 



218 



HAZEN'S PRACTICAL GRAMMAR. 



-1 



Unless I am much mistaken, I saw you at the great politi- 
cal meeting, in Ohio. 

You will remember the transaction, unless your memory is 
unusually treacherous. 

If I did not comply with the conditions of the contract, it was, 
because I could not do it. 

If my son has not paid the demand, I will do it myself. 

If my son had not paid the demand, I would do it myself. 

If my son will not pay the demand, I will do it myself. 

If your son will not pay the demand, it would be better for 
you to pay it yourself. 

Unless my son has already paid the demand, I will do it 
myself. 

Though my daughter was very sick, she was not thought to 
be in danger. 

I have never seen this celebrated cataract, although I have 
often been in its vicinity. 

I met with much violent opposition; I carried my point 

though. 

The jury cannot rely upon the testimony of the witness, unless 
he can be proved to be a man of truth and veracity. 

The jury could not rely upon this man's testimony, unless he 
could be proved to be a man of truth and veracity. 

I shall leave home to-day, although I should prefer to remain 
for a week longer. 

If you had but called at the time appointed, you would have 
saved yourself some perplexity. 

The whole difficulty might be settled, if he would but pursue 
a reasonable course. 

O that ye would altogether hold your peace. 

that I had seen my friend, before he died. 

1 wish I had gone before this event occurred. 

I will perform the ceremony, provided your parents or guar- 
dians have given their consent to your marriage. 



HAZEN'S PRACTICAL GRAMMAR. 



219 



If, though, although, unless, and lest, expressing a future 

CONTINGENCY. 
RULE OF SYNTAX. 

When a conditional conjunction is used in the present 
tense in expressing a future contingency, the subjunctive 
mode should be used. 

Examples for Parsing and Imitation. 

If he contend by legal process, he will fail to establish his claim. 

I shall see my friend in a few days, and, if he desire my assist- 
ance, I will readily afford it. 

This mechanic will maintain his rights, though he suffer loss 
by so doing. 

Though he fall, he shall not be utterly cast down. 

Though he slay me, yet will I trust in him. 

Although the fig-tree blossom not, and the labor of the olive 
fail; yet I will rejoice in the Lord; I will joy in the God of my 
salvation. 

Unless thou give a reasonable excuse, they will fine thee. 

Unless he arrive in time for the boat in the morning, he will 
be obliged to wait there until noon for the cars. 

Despise no condition, lest it happen to be thine own lot. 

Carry some provisions with thee, lest thou suffer with hunger. 

Watch the door of ihy lips, lest thou utter folly. 

If he do but touch the hiils,they shall smoke. 

I will not let thee go, except thou bless me. 

Take heed that thou speak not to Jacob. 

I give my consent that he go, provided he promise to return 
early in the evening. 

It much concerns the public good, that the rising generation 
be educated. 

It is important that thou come as soon as possible. 

It is more important that the fortress of the Ligurians be 
taken than that the cause of Marcus Curius be well defended. 

L_ , 






220 



HAZEN S PRACTICAL GRAMMAR. 



L 



If, though, and unless, used in expressing supposition 

WITH INDEFINITE TIME. 
RULE OF SYNTAX. 

In expressing a supposition with indefinite time, either 
with or without a conditional conjunction, the subjunc- 
tive mode and indefinite past tense should be used. 

Examples for Parsing and Imitation. 

If I were to write a letter to this miserly man, he would not 
take it from the post office. 

If it were not so, I would have told you. 

If love were never feigned, it would appear scarce. 

If thou loved God, thou wouldst keep his commandments. 

He would be detected, if he were an impostor. 

Were I in his circumstances, I should manage my affairs 
very differently. 

Were death denied, all men would wish to die. 

This spendthrift would waste his fortune, though he were as 
rich as Cresus. 

Though thou werl as strong as Samson, thy efforts would be 
unavailing. 

He could not be handsome, even though he wore whiskers. 

I would not obey this injunction, unless it were a command 
of God. 

Unless the Lord were merciful, man's condition would be still 
more woful. 

If he were but determined to do right* all would be well. 

that he were wise, that he would consider his latter end. 

1 wish that I were at home. 

I wish that my friend had more capital. 

Your system would answer very well, provided man were an 
upright being. 

I told him that I would advance the proposed sum, it being 
provided, that satisfactory security were afforded. 



HAZEN'S PRACTICAL GRAMMAR. 221 

PHRASES AND VERBAL FORMS CONNECTED BY THE CONDITIONAL 

CONJUNCTIONS. 

RULE FOR PUNCTUATION. 

When a phrase and a verbal form are connected by 
a conditional conjunction, a comma is inserted between 
them. 

There are a few exceptions to this rule, the nature of which 
will be exhibited in the examples. 

Examples for Parsing and Imitation. 

This young lady, being always displeased if she is not distin- 
guished by particular attentions, has finally become disagreeable 
even to her best friends. 

This laborer lost the good will of his employer, by getting 
angry if he were desired to hasten the execution of his work. 

His being idle, unless the teacher is watching him, is a sure 
indication of baseness of mind. 

Charles sacrificed the good opinion not only of his teacher, 
but also of all the ingenuous boys of the school, by being idle 
unless he were constantly urged to attend to his studies. 

This woman renders herself ridiculous, by being offended if 
she is not first helped at table. 

I loaded my rifle and pistols, determining to fire on the insur- 
gents, if my personal safety should require the measure. 

He ought to be severely punished for this outrage, unless he 
make ample reparation to the injured party. 

This public defaulter, fearing lest he be arrested, and cast into 
prison, left his country in haste for a distant clime. 

The youth handled his gun carefully, fearing lest it go off, 
and injure himself or some other person. 

This gentleman died, earnestly desiring that his son walk 
through life in the paths of rectitude and peace. 

Parents ought not to desire that their children live without 
labor, or attention to business. 



19* 



222 hazen's practical grammar. 

ESPECIAL REMARKS AND EXAMPLES RELATING TO whether, after, 

before, when, till, until, as — as and so — as. 

These conjunctions have been classed by some grammarians 
with those which may be used with the subjunctive mode; but 
this is an error which the author of this grammar is unwilling 
to sanction, although good writers have often thus employed 
them. 

Whether is a correspondive conjunction expressing with 
or a mere alternative without regard to time. 

jjfter, before, when, till, or until, carries the mind 
back or forward to some point indicated by the context. 
By their aid, future time may be expressed by a verb in 
the present tense, and prior perfect time, by a verb in 
the indefinite past tense. 

Future time may also be expressed by a verb in the 
present tense, combined with the comparative adverbi- 
al conjunction as — as or so — as. 

Examples for Parsing and Imitation. 

I cannot tell whether I shall go or not. 

Whether I shall go to the western country, or purchase a farm 
in this state, I have not yet determined. 

I have not decided whether I shall remain here or not. 

I do not know whether he has gone to the city or not. 

The students have not yet been able to judge whether their 
new principal is very strict in discipline or not. 

After I came to this country, I began to hope that I could 
once more conduct my business advantageously. 

I had formed no adequate conception of the magnificence of 
these falls, before I visited them. 

When he is come, he will tell us all things. 

When he came, he made an apology for detaining us so long. 

I will mention the snbject, when I write to him. 

I will wait here, until he writes or comes for me. 



HAZEN'S PRACTICAL GRAMMAR. 



223 



The young lady stayed here, until her lather wrote or sent 
for her to return home. 

Till man repents, he cannot be forgiven. 

He will go as far as the rest go, before he stops. 

This clergyman will probably preach to that congregation 
as long as the people composing it, are satisfied with his minis- 
trations. 4 

I will employ this young man so long as he proves faithful in 
the discharge of his duty. 

conjunctions connected by and, or, nor, or but. 

In the examples under this head, the conjunctions may be 
parsed as connected by and, or, nor, or but ; or the verbal form 
including the conjunction mav be so treated. 

RULE FOR PUNCTUATION. 

When two or more verbal forms preceded by a conjunc- 
tion, are connected by and, or, nor, or but, a comma is 
inserted between them. 

Examples far Parsing and Imitation. 

I go to school, that I may acquire knowledge, and that I may 
discipline my mind. 

We should endeavor to do right, that we may respect our- 
selves, and that we may please God. 

I hope that I shall recover my health, and that I shall once 
more visit my native country. 

My father insists that I should be a farmer, or that I should 
learn some useful trade. 

The mother is fearful, that her daughter be sick, or that she 
meet with some accident, before she gets to her journey's end. 

Having made up our minds, that any particular course of 
conduct would be wrong, or that it would be inexpedient, we 
should perseveringly refuse to pursue it. 

We are willing to follow his advice, as he is our friend, and 
as he is acquainted with the whole subject. 



224 



HAZEN'S PRACTICAL GRAMMAR. 



We are willing to follow his advice, not only because he is 
our friend, but because he is well acquainted with the whole 
subject. 

We conversed upon this matter as we were sitting on the 
piazza, or as we were walking to the village. 

And ye shall teach them to your children, speaking of them 
when thou sittest in thy house, and when thou walkest by the 
way, and when thou liest down, and when thou risest up. 

And they said one to another, Did not our hearts burn within 
us, while we walked by the way, and while he opened to us 
the Scriptures ? 

Since you have come so early, and since you are appropriately 
dressed, we may as well walk in the public square for a while, 

The child could not tell whence he came, nor whither he was 
going. 

The wind bloweth where it listeth, thou nearest the sound 
thereof, but canst not tell whence it cometh, and whither it. 
goeth. 

You must not remain here, until I come, nor until I can send 
for you. 

If you will be there at the time appointed, and if James and 
William will come also, we can make up a good party for the 
excursion. 

I fear lest my son spend his patrimony, and lest he waste his 
youthful days in frivolous pursuits. 

This artist may fail to become eminent in his profession, not 
because he is not talented, but because he is attempting to em- 
brace in his practice every branch of his art. 

THE COLON. 

The colon is used after a complete sentence, when 
something more is added by way of illustration. This 
point, however, has been nearly superseded by the semi- 
colon and period. 



HAZEN S PRACTICAL GRAMMAR. 225 



PRONOUNS RESUMED FROM PAGE 44. 

GENERAL RULE OF SYNTAX. 

Pronouns must agree with their antecedents, or the 
nouns for which they stand, in gender, number, and person. 
THE PERSONAL PRONOUNS. 

The personal pronouns are simple substitutes. There 
are five of them ; namely, 7, thou, he, she, and it. 

EXCEPTIONS TO GENERAL RULE. 

Exception 1. It may be applied to a young child, or to other creatures 
masculine or feminine, when their sex is not obvious, or when it need not 
be distinguished. 

Exception 2. It often represents a verbal form, or a phrase, or both 
combined. In such cases it may precede or follow the clause which it 
represents. 

Exception 3, It is sometimes used without especial reference to any 
antecedent or subsequent. In such cases it is expletive, and in general 
might be dispensed with. 

Exception 4. A noun in the singular number, when preceded by taany 
a, may be represented by a pronoun in the plural number. 

Examples for Parsing and Imitation. 

My father will remove to the city, if he can sell his plantation. 
A proposition for the sale of our property has been made to 
my mother ; but 6he appears to be unwilling to part from it. 



EXAMPLES OF PARSING. 
My father will remove to the city, if he can sell his plantation. 

He is a personal pronoun, masculine gender, singular number, 
third person, and agrees with father. 

Rule. Pronouns must agree with their antecedents, or the 
nouns for which they stand, in gender, number, and person. 
He is nominative case to can sell. 

Rule. The agent which introduces the verb into the sentence, 
must be in the nominative case. 



226 HAZEN'S PRACTICAL GRAMMAR. 

The child is very sick, and I am afraid, that it will die. 

My brother killed a deer in the morning, and had it dressed 
in time to have a venison steak for breakfast. 

A farmer having caught a wild goose, endeavored to domesti- 
cate it; but, when the season for migration came, it flew off. 

It is better to be studious than to remain ignorant. 

It will be a great honor to have written such a work. 

It has been decided, that the culprit be sent to the penitentiary 
for seven years. 

The young lady is very handsome ; and she has the misfortune 
to know it. 

The president, it is well known, is opposed to the bill. 

How shall I contrive it to go to court ? 

" Come and trip it as you go 
On the light fantastic toe." 

I have seen many an Indian pass along this road. They 
commonly travel in small parties. 

I have caught many a trout in this stream. They used to be 
very plenty. 

THE POSSESSIVE PERSONAL PRONOUNS. 

Mine His Ours Theirs 

Thine Hers Yours 

These words represent not only the possessor, but also 
the thing or things possessed. They are used only in the 
nominative and objective cases. 

Mine, thine, and his, are used as personal pronouns in the 
possessive case, when they precede nouns on which they depend. 
Mine and thine are often used for my and thy before a vowel. 



L 



Note. — The author's method of treating the words under the head of 
Possessive Personal Pronouns, may not be satisfactory to every gramma- 
rian ; but it must be admitted by those who may differ from him in theory, 
that the examples for parsing and imitation will guide the pupil to correct 
practice. 



HAZEN'S PRACTICAL GRAMMAR. 227 

Examples for Parsing and Imitation. 

Your goods came yesterday, but mine are yet on their way. 

Yours of the 10th instant came to hand in due time. 

I sold my tobacco, when my brother sold his. 

Is this handkerchief yours, or is it mine ? 

My sword and youfS are kin. 

" We have met the enemy, and they are ours." 

This house and lot are mine, and not his. 

Thine is all the glory, mine is the boundless bliss. 

Have you seen your son lately ? I have not seen mine, since 
he left home in January. 

I own a farm, and so does my sister ; but hef£ is to be sold. 

My cattle have been trying to get into the lot with yours. 

A friend of thine mentioned the subject to me. 

Your ox has been gored by an unlucky bull of mine. 

I shall show my gratitude by befriending you and yours, when- 
ever occasion may offer. 

THE RELATIVE PRONOUNS. 
Who Which That 

A relative pronoun is a word that represents a prece- 
ding word, and introduces a verbal form without the aid 
of a conjunction. 



EXAMPLES OF PARSING, 
Your goods came yesterday ; but mine are yet on their way. 
Mine is a possessive personal pronoun, masculine gender, sin- 
gular number, first person, and agrees with the person who 
speaks. As the representative of goods, it is also neuter gender, 
plural number, and third person. Rule in both cases. Pronouns 
must agree with their antecedents, or the nouns for which they 
stand, in gender, number, and person. Mine is nominative case 
to are. Rule. The agent which introduces the verb into the 
sentence, must be in the nominative case. 



L_ 



228 HAZEN'S PRACTICAL GRAMMAR. 



When these pronouns are nominative case to a following verb, 
or are governed by it, they constitute a part of the verbal form 
which they introduce. They may also constitute a part of in- 
finitive phrases, as well as of prepositive, and prepositive gerun- 
dive phrases. 

As a general rule, the relative pronoun should be placed as 
near to its antecedent as possible. 

The relative in the objective case is sometimes omitted before 
the verb. 

RULES FOR THE APPLICATION OF who, which, AND that. 

Who is applied only to persons, and to brute animals acting in the ca- 
pacity of persons. 

Which is applied to brute animals, and to inanimate things, as well as 
to young children. Which may also represent a collective noun standing 
for persons, when the objects comprising the collection, are referred to 
collectively; but, when they are referred to individually, who or that 
should be used. 

That is applied to persons, brute animals, and inanimate things. 

T'hat is used in preference to who or which} 

1. After adjectives in the superlative degree. 

2. After the word same or very. 

3. After who when used as the antecedent. 

4. After an antecedent introduced by it. 

5. After antecedents which are limited in their application only by the 
relative and its verb. 

6. After antecedents which include persons as well as brute animals or 
things. 

RULE FOR PUNCTUATION. 

Clauses or verbal forms, introduced by relative pronouns, should 
be separated by the comma from the sentences to which they 
are connected. 

Exception. When the antecedent is restricted in its applica- 
tion by some preceding word, or by the relative and its verb, or 
by both, a comma need not be inserted before the relative. 



hazen's practical grammar. 229 
Examples for Parsing and Imitation. 

INTRANSITIVE FORM. 

The gentleman who called here on Saturday, has come again. 

I, who speak from positive knowledge, can testify to the fact. 

A horse, which ran in the race, is about to be sold at auction. 

The timber which is now growing on the land, will bring the 
whole purchase money. 

The boats that ply on the northern lakes, frequently suffer 
from violent storms. 

The committee which acted with so much unanimity, was 
composed of gentlemen from both parties. 

Solomon was the wisest man that had lived. 

This is the same man that was here before. 

This orator speaks in words that burn. 

It was I that whispered. 

The man and the horse that fell through the bridge, were 
saved from drowning with great difficulty. 

INTRANSITIVE POST- ADJECTIVE FORM. 

The lady who was so sick, when you were at my house, is 
convalescent. 



EXAMPLES OF PARSING. 

The gentleman who called here on Saturday, has called again. 

The gentleman has called again. — Intransitive form. 

Who called here. — Intransitive form. 

On Saturday. — Prepositive phrase. 

Who is a relative pronoun, and relates to the antecedent gen- 
tleman, is masculine gender, singular number, third person, and 
agrees with gentleman. Rule. Pronouns must agree with their 
antecedents, or the nouns for which they stand, in gender, number, 
and person. Who is nominative case to called. Rule. The 
agent which introduces the verb into the sentence, must be in 
the nominative case. 



20 



230 HAZEN'S PRACTICAL GRAMMAR. 



The wolves which were so troublesome, have disappeared. 

I have bought tea bushels of potatoes, which are very good. 

She brought with her a little child, which was exceedingly 
beautiful. 

We fell in with the very stranger that had been so kind to us. 

We should be intimate with no person who is vicious in con- 
duct, or violent in temper. 

This man indulges in vices that are destructive of health. 

INTRANSITIVE POST-SUBSTANTIVE FORM. 

I do not know who he is. 

I cannot respect such a man, let him be who he may. 

This gentleman, who is an excellent financier, has been made 
president of the bank. 

The shepherd's dog, which is a remarkably sagacious animal, 
has been lately introduced into this country. 

The church, which has ever been the foster-mother of learn- 
ing, must still be relied on for its spread among the people. 

It was he that was the originator of this project. 

TRANSITIVE FORM. 

A person who cultivates a farm, is a farmer. 

The stranger whom you admired so much, is a Kentuckian. 

The giraffe, which commands such crowds of visitors, was 
caught in the wilds of Africa. 

The paintings which we have been inspecting, are productions 
of great merit. 

We have not learned who committed the blunder. 

I do not know whom I shall support for the presidency. 

The mob which committed such depredations, was put down 
by the military. 

The clergyman whom the vestry engaged, has arrived. 



Note. — In the sentence, I do not know who he w, and in that which im- 
mediately follows it, who has properly no antecedent. In the former, who 
is nominative case after is, and in the latter, after may be. 



HAZEN'S PRACTICAL GRAMMAR. 231 



I reside on the same farm that my father redeemed from the 
wilderness. 

The man and the camel that attract so much attention, both 
came from Arabia. 

Was it thou or the dog that opened the door. 

He gained the wife and fortune that he sought. 

It is you and I that must bear the brunt of this difficulty. 

PASSIVE FORM. 

My nephew, who was sent to England to be educated, has re- 
turned an accomplished scholar. 

The cattle that were sent to market by my neighbor, were 
sold at high prices. 

The engines which are constructed at this manufactory, are 
remarkably well finished. 

The review that is conducted by this gentleman, is well sus- 
tained by the public. 

We do not know who were nominated for the assembly. 

We intend to visit the school that is so well conducted here. 

The book which I have mentioned, is the best work that has 
been written on the subject. 

THE POSSESSIVE CASE OF who AND which APPLIED IN THE 
VERBAL FORMS. 

Examples for Parsing and Imitation. 

The old gentleman whose farm lies beyond those woods, is 
displeased with the boys, because they rob his orchard. 

The lady whose portrait is so beautiful in your estimation, is 
herself at my house. 

A lad, whose father is a man of distinction, has been arrested 
for arson. 

This is the fawn whose dam you shot, when you were here last. 

Is there any other doctrine whose followers are punished ? 
" These are the agonies of love, 
Whose miseries delight." 






HA ZEN'S PRACTICAL GRAMMAR. 



WllO AND which APPLIED IN PREPOSITIVE PHRASES. 

Examples for Parsing and Imitation. 

Such are the politicians against whom we declaim. 

A clergyman of whom I have heard much commendation, is 
to preach for us to-morrow. 

I do not know the name of the stranger to whom I am indebt- 
ed for this favor. 

The road on which we are travelling, needs many repairs. 

The means through which this political ascendency has been 
obtained, are thought, by the opposite party, to be dishonorable. 

There lies the steamboat about which there has been so much 
litigation. 

Here is a pit from which coal is obtained. 

Whose and of which exhibited in contrast. 

The use of whose as the possessive case of which, is established 
by good usage ; yet it is generally more elegant to use which 
with the preposition of. 

I have bought a mill whose owner had become bankrupt. 

I have bought a mill the owner of which had become bank- 
rupt. 

There has been no other religion whose professors have been 

so much persecuted. 

There has been no other religion the professors of which have 
been so much persecuted. 

This is the fawn whose dam you shot. 

This is the fawn the dam of which you shot. 

Who, which, and that, APPLIED IN INFINITIVE PHRASES. 

I called on the gentleman whom my father requested me to 
invite to dinner. 

This merchant has purchased a large stock of goods, which 
he appears resolved to sell at low prices. 

These are the very sentiments that you ought to express. 



HAZEN'S PRACTICAL GRAMMAR. 233 



I own several town lots which I am anxious to exchange for 
a good farm. 

The savages brought out the prisoners that they had determin- 
ed to torture. 

He is not the man that I took him to be. 

Who, which, and that, applied in prepositive gerundive phrases. 

The bishop has sent the preacher whom you are so fond of 
hearing. 

The lad has committed a fault which he is incapable of con- 
cealing. 

My curious friend has heard of a stupendous cave, which he 
is resolved on visiting. 

The farm that I think of buying, lies near Rochester. 

The curiosities which we shall have the pleasure of inspect- 
ing, are said to be very rare. 

VERBAL FORMS INTRODUCED BY RELATIVE PRONOUNS CONNECTED 

by and, or or. 
Two or more verbal forms introduced by relative pronouns, 
may be connected hy and, or or. "When several relative clauses 
are thus connected, the same pronoun should be employed in each. 

Examples for Parsing and Imitation. 

The lady of whom you spake, and whom you appear to ad- 
mire, has returned to the country. 



EXAMPLES OFPARSING. 
I called on the gentleman whom my father requested me 
to invite to dinner. 
I called. — Intransitive form. 
On the gentleman. — Prepositive phrase. 
Whom to invite. — Infinitive phrase, transitive. 
My father requested me. — Transitive form. 
To dinner. — Prepositive phrase. 
Whom is a relative pronoun, &c. 
- __ 



234 



HAZEN'S PRACTICAL GRAMMAR. 



The youth whose name you have mentioned, and whom you 
have commended so cordially, is a son of a neighbor of mine. 

Persons who have been well instructed in Christian principles, 
or who feel deeply conscious of moral responsibility, will not fly 
into a passion at real or fancied insults. 

I have just purchased the little plantation, which I fancied so 
much, and which you thought to be so valuable. 

I am the Lord that maketh all things, that stretcheth forth 
the heavens alone, and that spreadeth abroad the earth. 

The God whose I am, and whom I serve, is eternal. 

God is the sovereign of the universe, whose majesty ought to 
fill us with awe, to whom we owe all possible reverence, and 
whom we are bound to obey. 

The property which you have been inspecting, and which you 
are resolved on buying, will soon be offered at public sale. 

The school which was established here about fifty years ago, 
and in which a great number of persons have been educated, is 
still in a flourishing condition. 

THE INTERROGATIVE PRONOUNS. 

Who Which What 

These words are denominated interrogative pronouns, 
when they are used for interrogation without a following 
noun to which they belong. They agree in gender, 
number, and person with words which are implied or ex- 
pressed in the answers to the questions which they assist 
in proposing. 

Who is applied to persons only. Which and what are applied 
to persons, brute animals, and inanimate things. 

INTERROGATIVE PRONOUNS APPLIED IN THE VERBAL FORMS. 

Examples for Parsing and Imitation, 

Who is there ? Who is righteous? 

Which comes next ? Which is preferable ? 



hazen's practical grammar. 235 



What will become of us ? What will be satisfactory ? 

Who art thou ? Who can be pleased ? 

Which is mine ? Which has been elected ? 

What is the matter ? What can be done ? 

Who cuts the wood ? Whose hat lies there ? 

Whom did you see ? Whose goods are ready ? 

Which answers the purpose? Whose boy are you? 

Which shall I take ? Whose farm have you bought ? 

What will please you ? Whose horse won the race ? 

What do you prefer ? Whose house was sold ? 

INTERROGATIVE PRONOUNS APPLIED IN PHRASES. 

In whom do you trust in such difficult circumstances ? 
To which of the measures of the party are you opposed ? 
About what are you making such an ado ? 
Whom have the people determined to send to this convention ? 
Which of these two men are you willing to trust? 
What do you anticipate doing in such an emergency? 
Whom has the governor resolved on appointing? 
What are we to do in such cases ? 
THE INTERROGATIVE ADJECTIVE PRONOUNS. 

Which What 

These words are denominated interrogative adjective 
pronouns, when they are used for interrogation before 
nouns to which they belong. 

» Examples for Parsing and Imitation. 

Which lad ought to be punished ? 
What subject is to be on the tapis next ? 
Which lady is the most intelligent? 
What book would be most interesting ? 
Which professor is the best linguist? 
What part of speech is the word table ? 
Which horn of the dilemma shall we take ? 



236 HAZEN'S PRACTICAL GRAMMAR. 

What apology shall I make for my delinquency ? 

Which candidate will be elected? 

What measure should be adopted in this emergency ? 

INTERROGATIVE ADJECTIVE PRONOUNS APPLIED IN PHRASES. 

In what vessel did your friend sail? 

Against which faction does this writer employ his pen? 

Which party have you determined to support ? 

What advantage do you hope to gain by such severity ? 

What course have you resolved on pursuing ? 

THE COMPOUND RELATIVE PRONOUNS. 
What Whoever 

Whatever Whosoever 

Whatsoever Whoso 

These words are thus denominated, when they include 
in themselves the force of an antecedent and a relative. 
They sustain the relations of the words which they rep- 
resent. 

What, whatever, and whatsoever, are each equivalent in con- 
struction to that which, the thing which, those which, or the things 
which. 

Whoever, whosoever, and whoso, are each equivalent in con- 
struction to he who, or they who. 

Examples for Parsing and Imitation. 

The applause of the multitude is what most gratifies his vanity. 

What most gratifies his vanity, is the applause of the multi- 
tude. 

The hope of eternal life is what best sustains the Christian 
under severe calamities. 

What best sustains the Christian under severe calamities, is 
the hope of eternal life. 

You mav purchase what you want. 



HAZEN'S PRACTICAL GRAMMAR. 237 

What you want, you may purchase. 

He will always say what he may think appropriate. 

What he may think appropriate, he will always say. 

The author dictates what the amanuensis writes. 

What he had gained by diligence, he lost by extravagance. 

This instrument is what we want. 

What we want, is this instrument. 

The arrival of the steam-ship is what he awaits. 

What he awaits, is the arrival of the steam-ship. 

What cannot be prevented, must be endured. 

Whatever purifies, fortifies the heart. 

Whatever has been ordained by God, must be right. 

Some politicians will advocate whatever appears to be popular. 

Whatever appears to be popular, some politicians will advocate. 

I will write whatever you may dictate. 

Whatever you may dictate, I will write. 

We should approve whatever may be excellent even in an 
enemy. 

Whatever he found difficult at first, he overcame by application. 

Whatsoever he doeth, shall prosper. 

Whoever would be happy, must abstain from vice. 

Whatsoever might be applied in all the examples in which 
whatever has been used, though not with equal elegance. As a 
compound relative, whatsoever is but little used. 

EXAMPLES OF PARSING. 
The applause of the multitude is what most gratifies his vanity. 
What is a compound relative pronoun, and is a substitute for 
that which, or the thing which. It is nominative case after is. 
Rule. Any verb may have the same case after it as before it, 
when both words refer to the same thing. What is also nomina- 
tive case to gratifies. Rule. The agent which introduces the 
verb into the sentence, must be in the nominative case. In the 
next sentence, what is nominative case to both gratifies and is. 



238 



HAZEN'S PRACTICAL GRAMMAR. 



Whoever drinks ardent spirits, is in danger of becoming a sot. 
Whoever hates study, will be an ignoramus. 
Whoever indulges in petty slander, is contemptible. 
The society will receive whomever the bishop may appoint. 
Whosoever loveth instruction, loveth knowledge. 
Whosoever mocketh the poor, reproacheth his Maker. 
Whosoever keepeth tbe lav/, is a wise son. 
Whosoever will, may come. 

Whoso keepeth his mouth and his tongue, keepeth his soul 
from trouble. 

Whoso walketh uprightly, shall be saved. 
I shall select whomsoever I may fancy, 

THE COMPOUND RELATIVE PRONOUNS APPLIED IN THE PHRASES. 

We will reflect on what should be done. 

You will not object to what is reasonable. 

There is something overwhelming in whatever inspires us 
with awe. 

I will abide by whatever the arbitrators shall say is just. 

Having learned what had displeased him, I was not surprised 
at what he had said. 

What I have paid being indorsed on the note, I shall not be 
obliged to pay it over again. 

The lad, seeing what he had done, was greatly alarmed. 

Advocating what we do not believe to be true, is generally 
improper, as well as injudicious. 

His having charged what was right, when he might have been 
extortionate, is a strong proof of general honesty of purpose. 

His buying whatever he pleased on his father's account, tend- 
ed to make him a spendthrift. 

In effecting what I have done, I have taxed my energies to 
their utmost limit. 

It is but fair to hear, what may be said on the other side. 

I have determined to do, in this case, whatever may be re* 
quired by law. 



HAZEN'S PRACTICAL GRAMMAR. 239 



THE ADJECTIVE PRONOUNS. 

Adjective pronouns are definitive words placed before 
nouns, to modify their application. 

The classification of the adjective pronouns, and the method 
of parsing them, may be found on pages 41,42, and 43. 

Examples for Parsing and Imitation. 

We cannot determine which plan would be best. 

Which ship will sail first, the agent, could not tell. 

We cannot determine what plan would be best. 

What ship would sail first, the agent could not tell. 

I know not what impression time may have made upon your 
person. 

What impression lime may have made upon your person, 1" 
cannot tell. 

He will meet with obstructions, let him take whichever road 
he may. 

I will acquiesce in whatever agreement he may make in re- 
lation to this matter. 

We should endeavor to do what good we can during our 
earthly pilgrimage. 

This youth appears to be bent on doing what mischief he can. 



EXAMPLES OF PARSING. 
We cannot determine which plan would be best. 

We cannot determine which plan. — Transitive form. 

Which plan would be best. — Intransitive post-adjective form. 

Which is a definitive adjective pronoun, and belongs to plan. 

Rule. Adjective pronouns belong to nouns. 

Plan is a common noun, neuter gender, singular number, 
third person, objective case, and is governed by can determine. 
Rule. Transitive verbs govern the objective case. Plan is also 
nominative case to would be. Rule. The agent which introdu- 
ces the verb into the sentence, must be in the nominative case. 



/ 




■ 



APPENDIX. 



As and than are said, by many grammarians, to be sometimes 
relative pronouns; but there appears to be no necessity for di- 
verting these words from the classes to which they properly be- 
long. The sentences in which they are supposed to be relative 
pronouns, are elliptical, and, in parsing them, the ellipsis should 
be supplied ; as in the following examples. 

The people will elect such men as they like. 

The people will elect such men as those are whom they like. 

She is as handsome a lady as I have seen. 

She is as handsome a lady as any lady whom I have seen. 

My brother has bought more apples than are needed. 

My brother has bought more apples than the apples which 
are needed. 

ELLIPSIS OF THE PREPOSITION. 

There is sometimes an ellipsis of the preposition, as in the fol- 
lowing examples. 

The horse ran a mile. 

The horse ran through the space of a mile. 

I remained there a year 

I remained there through a year. 

He went home last September. 

He went to his home in last September. 

He wrote me a letter. 

He wrote to me a letter. 

You must buy him a grammar. 

You must buy for him a grammar. 

My knife is worth a dollar. 

My knife is, in worth, a dollar. 

The wall is seven feet high. 

The wall is high through seven feet. 



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